1. Plant Protection Equipment (Sprayers, Nozzles calibration and application technologies)

2. PESTICIDE APPLICATION TECHNIQUES  Pesticide application plays an important role in pest management.  Proper technique of application of pesticide and the equipment used for applying pesticide are vital to the success of pest control operations.  The application of pesticide is not merely the operation of sprayer or duster.  It has to be coupled with a thorough knowledge of the pest problem.  The use of pesticides involves knowledge not only of application equipment, but of pest management as well.

3. Purpose of pesticide application  The main purpose of pesticide application technique is-  to cover the target with maximum efficiency and minimum efforts  keep the pest under control as well as minimum contamination of non-targets.

4. Application technique  The application techniques are-  ideally should be target oriented  Should be safe to the non-targets and the environment is ensured.  Proper selection of application equipment, knowledge of pest behaviour and skillful dispersal methods are vital.  The complete knowledge of pest problem is important to define the target i.e., location of the pest (on foliage, under the leaves, at root zone etc).  The most susceptible stage of the pest  Decide the time of application.  Coverage and spray droplet size  Mobility and size of the pest.

5. Thus the following aspects must be considered for a successful pest control programme.  A.Knowledge of pest problem: -Where is the pest location?:To define the target. -What is the most susceptible stage for control:To decide the time of application. -What is the mobility of the pest?:To define the coverage requirementsand droplet size.  B.Knowledge of pesticides: -What is the mode of action?:To define the application technique. -What is the phytotoxicity :To define the calibration requirement -What is mammalian toxicity?:To take up necessary precautions inhandling.

6.  C.Knowledge of formulations : -What is the solubility:To define the agitation requirements. -How should it be mixed with water? :To collect suitable measure and water buckets and tools etc. D.Knowledge of techniques & equipments: : How should it be operatedand maintained? :To operate the equipment without field troubles. -What are the capabilities?:To estimate sufficient number of equipment needed. -What adjustments are necessary?: To get an optimumuse of the equipment. -What technique is to be adopted?:To select suitable equipment.

7. OBJECTIVE OF PESTICIDE APPLICATION  The objective of the application of pesticide is to keep the pest under check. The pest population has to be kept suppressed to minimum biological activities to avoid economic loss of crop yields  The objective of pesticide application besides keeping the pest population under check should also be to avoid pollution and damage to the non targets. The success of pest control operations by pesticide application greatly depends on the following factors:-  Quality of pesticide  Timing of application  Quality of application and coverage  Proper dosage should be applied evenly  The toxicant should reach the target  Proper droplet size  Proper density of droplet on the target

8. SPRAYING TECHNIQUES  Most of the pesticides are applied as sprays.  The liquid formulations of pesticide either diluted (with water, oil) or directly are applied in small drops to the crop by different types of sprayers. Usually the EC formulations, wettable powder formulations are diluted suitably with water which is a common carrier of pesticides. In some cases however, oil is used as diluent or carrier of pesticides. The important factors for spray volume consideration are: The volume of spray liquid required for certain area depends upon- -the spray type and coverage, - total target area, -size of spray droplet and number of spray droplets. -

9.  On the basis of volume of spray-mix the technique of spraying is classified as:  1.High volume spraying  2.Low volume spraying  3.Ultra low volume spraying  The range of volume of spray mix in each of the above case is arbitrary. Usually for field crop spraying the following spray volume ranges are taken as guide.  High Volume Spraying300 - 500 L/ha  Low Volume Spraying50 - 150 L/ha  Ultra Low Volume Spraying< 5 L/ha

11.  SPRAYERS (Gaseous energy) Manually operated -Hand held type Powered operated - Knap sack, motorized type -Hand/ Stretcher carried type -Tractor mounted SPRAYERS (Centrifugal energy) -Hand held battery operated ULV sprayer. -Knapsack motorized type -Tractor/ vehicle mounted ULV sprayer -Aircraft ULV sprayer

13. Methods of Pesticide application The desired effect of pesticide can be obtained only if it is applied by an appropriate method in appropriate time. The method of application depends on nature of pesticide, formulation, pests to be managed, site of application, availability of water etc. 1.Dusting Dusting in carried out in the morning hours and during very light air stream. It can be done manually or by using dusters. Some times dust can be applied in soil for the control of soil insects. During is cheaper and suited for dry land crop pest control. 2.Spraying Spraying is normally carried out by mixing EC (or) WP formulations in water. There are three types of spraying. 3.Granular application Highly toxic pesticides are handled safely in the form of granules. Granules can be applied directly on the soil or in the plant parts.

14. a)Broadcasting: Granules are mixed with equal quantity of sand and broadcasted directly on the soil or in thin film of standing water. (eg) Carbofuran 3%G applied @ 1.45kg/8 cent rice nursery in a thin film of water and impound water for 3 days. b)In furrow application: Granules are applied at the time of sowing in furrows applied @ 3 g per meter row for the control of sorghum shootfly. c)c) Side dressing: After the establishment of the plants, the granules are applied a little away from the plant (10-15 cm) in a furrow. d) Spot application: Granules are applied @ 5 cm away and 5 cm deep on the sides of plant. This reduces the quantity of insecticide required e) Ring application: Granules are applied in a ring form around the trees f) Root zone application: Granules are encapsulated and placed in the root zone of the plant. (eg) by mixing it with equal quantity of sand in the central whorl of crops like sorghum, maize, sugarcane to control internal borers. g) Pralinage: The surface of banana sucker intended for planting is trimmed. The sucker is dipped in wet clay slurry and carbofuran 3G is sprinkled (20-40 g/sucker) to control burrowing nematode. The methods of application are

15. 4. Seed pelleting/seed dressing The insecticide mixed with seed before sowing (eg.) sorghum seeds are treated with chlorpyriphos 4ml/kg in 20 ml of water and shade dried to control shootfly. The carbofuran 50 SP and imdacloprid is directly used as dry seed dressing insecticide against cotton sucking pests. 5. Seedling root dip It is followed to control early stage pests (eg) in rice to control sucking pests and stem borer in early transplanted crop, a shallow pit lined with polythene sheet is prepared in the field. To this 0.5 kg urea in 2.5 litre of water and 100 ml chlorpyriphos in 2.5 litre of water prepared separately are poured. The solution is made upto 50 litre with water and the roots of seedlings in boundless are dipped for 20 min before transplanting. 6. Sett treatment Treat the sugarcane setts in 0.05% Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 175 g/ha or 7 g/l dipped for 15 minutes to protect them from termites. 7. Trunk/stem injection This method is used for the control of coconut pests like black headed caterpillar, mite etc. Drill a downward slanting hole of 1.25 cm diameter to a depth of 5 cm at a light of about 1.5m above ground level and inject 5 ml of monocrotophos 36 WSC into the stem and plug the hole with cement (or) clay mixed with a fungicide. Pseudo stem injection of banana, an injecting gun or hypodermic syringe is used for the control of banana aphid, vector of bunchy top disease.

16. 8. Padding Stem borers of mango, silk cotton and cashew can be controlled by this method. Bark of infested tree (5x5 cm) is removed on three sides leaving bottom as a flap. Small quantity of absorbent cotton is placed in the exposed area and 5-10 ml of Monocrotophos 36 WSP is added using an ink filler. Close the flap and cover with clay mixed with fungicide. 9. Swabbing Coffee white borer is controlled by swabbing the trunk and branches with lindane 1 per cent suspension. 10. Root feeding Trunk injection in coconut results in wounding of trees and root feeding is an alternate and safe chemical method to control black headed caterpillar, eriophyid mite, red palm weevil. Monocrotophos 10 ml and equal quantity of water are taken in a polythene bag and cut the end (slant cut at 45) of a growing root tip (dull white root) is placed inside the insecticide solution and the bag is tied with root. The insecticide absorbed by root, enter the plant system and control the insect. 11. Soil drenching Chemical is diluted with water and the solution is used to drench the soil to control certain subterranean pests. (eg) Chlorpyriphos / dimethoate used against cutworms, soilmealy bug. 12. Capsul placement The systemic poison could be applied in capsules to get toxic effect for a long period. (eg) In banana to control bunchy top vector (aphid) the insecticide is filled in gelatin capsules and placed in the crown region.

17. 13. Baiting The toxicant is mixed with a bait material so as to attract the insects towards the toxicant. A) Spodoptera. A bait prepared with 0.5 kg molasses (jiggery), 0.5 kg carbaryl 50WP and 5 kg of rice bran with required water (3 litres) is made into small pellets and dropped in the field in the evening hours. B) Rats: Zinc phosphide is mixed of 1:49 ratio with food like popped rice or maize or cholam or coconut pieces (or) warfarin can be mixed at 1:19 ratio with food. Ready to use cake formulation (Bromodiolone) is also available. C) Coconut rhinoceros beetle: Castar rotten cake 5 kg is mixed with insecticide. 14. Fumigation Fumigants are available in solid and liquid forms. They can be applied in the following way. Soil: To control the nematode in soil, the liquid fumigants are injected by using injecting gun. Storage: Liquid fumigants like Ethylene dibromide (EDB), Methyl bromide (MB), carbon tetrachloride etc. and solid fumigant like Aluminium phosphide are recommended in godowns to control stored product pest. Trunk: Aluminium phosphide ½ to 1 tablet is inserted into the affected portion of coconut tree and plugged with cement or mud for the control of red palm weevil.

18. Introduction High volume techniques- This method is very common and popular method of pesticide spraying. In this method the large volume of spray liquid is applied. Usually the spray volume is 300-500 L/ha. The spray volume is depends on many factors eg. 1. Sprayer capabilities, 2. Nozzle characteristics, 3. Stage of growth of crop and 4. type of crop etc.

19. SPRAYERS (Hydraulic energy) Manually operated 1. Syringes, slide pump 2. Stirrup pumps 3. Knap sack or shoulder-slung: Lever operated K.S. sprayer Piston pump type Diaphragm pump type 3.Tractor mounted/ trailed sprayer 4. Compression sprayer Hand compression sprayer Conventional type Pressure retaining type 4. High pressure knap sack sprayer 5. Stationary type Foot operated sprayer Rocker sprayer

20. Powered operated High pressure sprayer (hand carried type) High pressure trolley/ Barrow mounted High pressure knap sack sprayer Air craft, aerial spraying (Fixed wing, helicopter) The tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a pump driven from the power take off (PTO) Used to apply 50-500 L ha-1 on field crops over a large area. Tanks with a large capacity may be mounted on trailers or as saddle tanks along side the tractor engine to spread the load more evenly. Some large sprayers are self propelled. However, these are used only where sufficient flat land allows the use of booms up to 27 m wide. Tractor-mounted sprayers

21. The tr actor-mounted boom sprayer with a pump driven from the power take off (PTO) Used to apply 50-500 L ha-1 on field crops over a large area. Tanks with a large capacity may be mounted on trailers or as saddle tanks along side the tractor engine to spread the load more evenly. Some large sprayers are self propelled. However, these are used only where sufficient flat land allows the use of booms up to 27 m wide.

22. The important components of power- operated sprayers Tank mounted on a sprayer Pumps: piston, centrifugal, gear, roller-vane, and diaphragm pumps. Pressure controlling devices: Pressure gauge and Pressure Relief Valves (PRV). Nozzles: hydraulic nozzles; impact nozzles: cone nozzles and fan nozzles. Agitators.

23. Low volume techniques

24. Introduction Low volume sprayer: is equipped with several air- distributors especially designed for different typologies of treatment and covering, e.g. anti-botrytis and oriented spraying, and is suitable to spray one or more rows at the same time even with different dimensions low volume spraying methods reduce the quantity of spray solution against high volume techniques

25. The size of spray droplets depends upon the Air velocity and volume Liquid flow rate Properties of liquid

26. Er G Maurya- NIPHM 8/18/2023

28. Backpack Mist Blower A small gas engine and integral fan creates an air stream with a velocity of 100-200 mph. Concentrate spray injected into the air stream by a special nozzle. The nozzle should be directed into the plant canopy to get good penetration and coverage. It should be kept at least six feet away from the plants to avoid blast damage.

29. Battery Operated Low Volume Spinning Disk Backpack Sprayer Two spinning disk nozzles to produce uniform mist size droplets for better efficacy and distribution over a swath of 2 meter. Farmer / operator it is safe.

30. A backpack sprayer has been developed with a boom attachment to enable the operator to spray behind away from his body, while also cover larger area with two spinning disk nozzle system This helps improve productivity of the appliance by covering larger area safely with less fatigue to the operator. The sprayer runs of a 12 V chargeable battery and produces uniform mist size droplets for better efficacy and distribution over a swath of 2m in one sweep. The field capacity of this backpack sprayer is 0.6 hectare in an hour.

31. Solar Assisted Battery Operated Trolley Mounted Low Volume Sprayer al l Equipped with a boom, its three spinning disc nozzles can cover a swath of 3m in one swipe while protecting the operator from contamination, thus ensuring safe & judicious application. The sprayer can cover one hectare in about 1.5 hours. With adjustable boom height, this is useful for low height crops and minimize drift losses. Battery operated along with solar panel assisted During the operation water is sprayed in the form of mist It is suitable for row field crop, vegetables and sm crop

32. TROLLEY MOUNTED SOLAR ASSISTED LOW VOLUME SPRAYER A versatile equipment, designed for application of pesticides (and herbicide in pre emergence situation) under the lowvolumetechnique producing uniform droplets for enabling higher efficacy. The equipment is trolley- drawn by the operator in the field with minimum effort as he need not carry the loaded tank.

33. Solar Assisted Battery Operated Trolley Mounted Low Volume Sprayer Trolly drawn has foldable boom with three spinning discnozzles to cover swath of 3 meter.

34. SPRAYING TECHNIQUE (ULTRA LOW VOLUME SPRAYING)

35. ULTRA LOW VOLUME SPRAYING Er G Maurya- NIPHM 8/18/2023 ▶ The ULV spraying is the method of pesticide application at minimum volume to achieve economic pest control. ▶ In this technique of pesticide application the volume applied per hectare is less than 5 litres which is extremely low as compared to the conventional High Volume and Low Volume spraying methods. ▶ The spray droplets in ULV spraying methods are very fine in size. Therefore, the nozzles used in these methods are different.

36. Controlled Droplet Application (CDA)

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38. Electric Sprayer

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41. Centrifugal energysprayers  Hand held battery operated ULV sprayers  Tractor /Vehicle mounted ULV sprayers  Aircraft ULV sprayers

42. Hand held ULV

43. ULVfieldoperation

44. Tractor/ vehicle mounted ULV sprayer 8/18/2023

46. Aircraft ULV sprayer Er G Maurya- NIPHM 8/18/2023

47. OTHER SPRAYERS 1.Aerosol sprayers 2.Liquefied-gas type dispensers 3.Fogging machines 4.Exhaust Nozzle Sp rayer

48. Aerosolsprayers

49. Fogging machines Er G Maurya- NIPHM 8/18/2023

50. Without proper attention to the nozzle, you may end up with a Misapplication

51. SPRAY NOZZLES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION All types of sprayers generally speaking emit pesticide solution in very fine spray form. Spraying nozzle thus is a device for emitting spray liquid, breaking it up into small droplets and throwing the droplets away from the nozzle orifice. Different designs of nozzle are used to produce appropriate droplet size spectrum. In order to break the liquid into droplets energy is needed. The spray nozzles therefore are classified as: 1.Hydraulic energy nozzle 2.Gaseous energy nozzles 3.Centrifugal energy nozzles 4.Thermal energy nozzles

52. HYDRAULIC ENERGY NOZZLES The hydraulic nozzles are most commonly used spray nozzles for pesticides application. Almost all the hydraulic sprayers use this type of nozzle. The following types of hydraulic nozzles are used for spraying pesticides: 1.Hollow cone type - insecticides and fungicide(40 psi.) 2.Fan type -( 40 psi1-Insecticide Fungicide,5 - 20 psi-Herbicide) 3.Impact type-Herbicide (15 - 25 psi). Adjustable nozzle: These are also called as tripple action nozzle. These nozzles are generally used with foot operated sprayers, rocking sprayers or high pressure hydraulic sprayers for spraying trees.

53. Nozzles are important because: Control the amount – Lit/Ha. Determine uniformity of application. Affects the coverage. Influences the drift potential.

54. Common Spray Tip Materials

55. Selecting type of Nozzle Nozzle Material Brass (B) Nylon Stainless Steel (S) Plastic Hardened Stainless Steel Nozzle Life Poor Fair Good Good Excellent

56. Extended- range flat-fan XR 11004XRExtended-range 110110 degree fan angle 040.4 GPM @ 40 psi Even flat-fan –8002EEEven spray pattern (Band applications) 8080 degree fan angle 020.2 GPM @ 40 psi Turbo flood - (small capacity) TF- 4TFTurbo flood 4.4 GPM @ 10 psi Turbo flood – (Floater capacity) QCTF - 40 QCTFQuick attach turbo flood 404.0 GPM @ 10 psi Typical nozzle numbering system

58. Coverage: Need knowledge of the product being used. Systemic Contact What is the target? Soil Grass Broadleaf (smooth, hairy, waxy) Leaf orientation – time of day

59. Nozzle Technology? How to use?? Nozzles designed to reduce drift Improved drop size control Emphasis on ‘Spray Quality’

60. NozzlesForPesticides Application NOZZLES HYDRAULICGASEOUSCENTRIFUGALTHERMAL ELECTRICAL

61. HollowConeNozzle 1. Produces a hollow cone pattern ofspray. 2. Normal working pressure is 40psi 3. Made out of Brass, Stainless steel,or Plastic. 4. Due to drift of fine drops,is not recommended for Herbicides 5. Popular type of Hydraulic Nozzle forInsecticides and fungicides.

62. HollowCone Nozzles

63. FlatfanNozzle  Used for Band spraying or Inter-row crop spraying  Normal working pressure is 40psi.  But while applying herbicide, the pressure range should be 15-20psi

64. FlatFanNozzle  For band application at 40 psi pressure for insecticides  For herbicide application at 15 psi pressure Flat fan Nozzle in Operation

65. Impact Nozzles  Also Known as Deflector Nozzle or Flood Jet Nozzles  TheseNozzles used for Herbicide application at 15- 20 psi pressure  Spray consists of coarse droplets

66. Adjustable Nozzle  Also Known as Triple Action Nozzle  Generally used with Foot operated/ Rocker or High Pressure Hydraulic Sprayers for spraying Trees  Can Produce fine, coarse or jet spray

67. GaseousEnergy Nozzles…  Also called Air Blast Nozzle  Breaks the liquid into drops due force of the air  The flow of the liquid into the air stream is Regulated.

68. CentrifugalEnergy Nozzle  Also called Spinning Disc nozzle  Used for ULV Spraying  For fine and uniformly narrow distribution

69. ThermalEnergy Nozzles  Also Known as Hot TubeNozzle  Used for ULV application  Used in Fogging Machines

70. Turbo TeeJet® flat spray tip Driftable Fine % at 40 psi:TT11004 = < 2% (<150 Microns)

71. AI TeeJet™ flat spray tip = < 1% Driftable Fine % at 40 psi:AI11004VS (<150 Microns)

72. Nozzles based on uses

73. Calibration Calibrating a sprayer ensures that the sprayer is delivering the intended volume of spray mixture to the target area. Operator must determine each of the following: 1.The amount of product the sprayer delivers per acre. 2.The number of acres you can spray per tank. 3.The recommended rate of pesticide application. 4.The amount of pesticide to add to the spray tank.

74. Nozzle FlowRate The flow rate through a nozzle varies with the nozzle pressure and the size of the nozzle tip. Increasing the pressure or using a nozzle tip with a larger opening will increase the flow rate. Increasing pressure will NOT give you a proportional increase in flow rate. For example, doubling the pressure will not double the flow rate – you must increase the pressure fourfold to double the flow rate. Sprayer pressure (speed constant) Sprayer output (Liters per ha) 10 psi100 40 psi200 160 psi400 Pressure cannot be used to make major changes in spray rate, but it can be used to make minor changes. We should keep in mind that operating pressure must be maintained within the recommended range for each nozzle type to obtain a uniform spray pattern and minimize drift.

75. Recalibration Check of Nozzle Output Nozzle s Output ml/min 1800 2790 3810 4800 5785 6820 The average nozzle output is 800.83 ml (4805/6). Five percent of 800.83 ml (800.83 x 0.05) is 40 ml. Any nozzle whose output differs from 800.83 ml by more than 40 ml should be cleaned or replaced; that is, any nozzle whose output is greater than 840.83 or less than 760.78. The nozzle is worn and should be replaced. After making sure the system is clean, fill the tank approximately half full with water. Fasten a graduated container under each nozzle and operate the sprayer for one minute at a pressure within the recommended pressure range. Check to see that the flow rate from each nozzle is approximately the same; replace or clean any nozzle whose output differs by more than 5 percent from the average for all of the nozzles and again check the flow rates. For examples:

76. Ground Speed of the Sprayer Provided the same throttle setting is used, as speed increases, the amount of spray applied per unit area decreases at an equivalent rate. For example, doubling the ground speed of a sprayer will reduce the amount of spray applied by one-half. Sprayer speed (under constant pressure) Sprayer output (Liter per Ha) 1 mph400 2 mph200 3 mph133 4 mph100 To determine the new output after changing speed: New output= eed

77. This module contains several examples of calibration procedures for the following spraying equipment:- Single nozzle knapsack and lance sprayers Multi nozzle boom sprayers Hand held mist blowers Compression sprayers Calibration

78. Calibration of spraying equipment Forward speed Forward speed will vary between spray operators Always calibrate in the actual spraying situation  Crop density and growing conditions will have an effect on walking speed (flood/irrigated crops) It is very difficult to maintain an even forward speed when trying to walk at an unnatural forced pace

79. Calibration of spraying equipment Pressure Built in control systems  Pressure regulators External control sytems  Control flow valves Several manufacturers make control flow valves that can be fitted behind the spray nozzle to keep constant pressure. Valves are available with a working pressure of 1 (yellow), 1.5 (red), 2 (blue) and 3 bar (green).

80. Easy calibration method Calibration process 1. Fill the knapsacks spray tank to maximum rated capacity with clean water. 2. Set the correct operating pressure. 3. Spray holding the nozzle at the required height and measure the swath width. 4. Using the calibration chart find out how far you must walk to cover 100m 2 Continued over……. Most nozzles have an optimum height of 50cms above the first intercepting surface

81. Static calibration This calibration process works best with multi-nozzle sprayers because it not only gives an overal measurement of sprayer output but also allows the indentification in variation of flow from each nozzle to be measured. Items required - SprayerClean water Watch with second handMeans to measure 100m Measuring jugsCalculator Calibration sheetSpare nozzles

82. Calibrating for inter-row applications Sometimes not the whole area within a treatment zone needs to be sprayed Inter-row weed control Crops grown in rows or in beds

83. Calculating product rate for knapsacks use the following formula to calculate doses per knapsack - Quantity per tank  Product rate/ha  tank size (lt) Calibrated applicatio n vol(lt)

85. Where, F – Flow rate in L/min S – Swath width in meter D – Operator’s walking speed in m/min A – Application rate in L/ha

86. Problems  A knapsack sprayer discharges 600 ml liquid every minute and spray one meter swath. If the operatorwalkingspeed m/min.,findthe is30 rateof application in L/ha?

87. Solution Given, F=0.6 L/min, S=1 meter, D=30 m/min, A=? A= F*10000/SD = 0.6*10000/1*30 =200 L/ha