1. The Different Normative Yuvaraj Nithyanandam Jozzalo Micah Culabat Jonalyn Pawig

2. Ethics : moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. The Different Normative Ethical Theories  Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development  Machiavellian Principles  Utilitarianism  Kantian Ethics  John Rawl’s Principles of Justice  The Moral Positivism of Hobbes  Divine Command Ethics  Ethical Egoism of Ayn Rand Normative Ethics : The field of ethics or moral philosophy involves systemizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior

3.  Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget’s (1932) theory of moral development in principle but wanted to develop his ideas further.  Kohlberg’s theory proposes that there are three levels of moral development, with each level split into two stages.  Kohlberg suggested that people move through these stages in a fixed order and that moral understanding is linked to cognitive development. Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development  Level 1 – Preconventional morality  Level 2 – Conventional morality  Level 3 – Postconventional morality

4. Level 1 – Preconventional Morality  Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation. The child/individual is good to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong.  Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints.

5. Level 2 – Conventional Morality  Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others.  Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so judgments concern obeying the rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt.

6. Level 3 – Postconventional Morality  Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights. The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals. The issues are not always clear-cut. For example, in Heinz’s dilemma, the protection of life is more important than breaking the law against stealing.  Stage 6. Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone.E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. The person will be prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment.

7. Application : Parents guide their children as they develop their moral character. younger children might work on rule obeyance, and older children about social expectations. Teachers apply in the classroom, providing additional moral guidance. To enhance moral development by setting clear rules for the classroom, and the consequences for violating them. This helps kids at stage one of moral development. In high school might focus more on the development of good interpersonal relationships and maintaining social order. Criticism: Moral reasoning does not equal moral behavior: Overemphasizes justice: Cultural bias: Age bias: Gender bias: Gilligan (1982):  Kohlberg’s theory applies to males, not females  Male approach impersonal, impartial, abstract  Female approach caring, being responsible, sustaining relationships  Females follow different stages of moral development: caring for oneself only, caring for others, achieving a balance Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development`

8.  Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469-1527, Italy  Studied law, political writer and theorist  Author of Book “The Prince “  read by Napoleon, Mussolini, Diderot, Rousseau, Thomas More, Frederick the Great and Stalin. Kissinger and Nixon  Father of Modern political Theory Machiavellian Principles  Should be feared rather than loved “if you cannot be both” in order to avoid a revolt.  Should have the support of the people because it's difficult to take action without their support.  Should hold good virtues. Machiavellianism : Characterized by manipulation and exploitation of others, A cynical Disregard for morality, lack of emotion and focus of self interest

9. Machiavellian Principles  The new model of Machiavellianism is based on Organizational settings consists of three factors: 3) Manipulative behavior 1) Maintain the Power 2) Harsh Management tactics

10. The Machiavellian Guiding principles 1) Never show humility 2) Arrogance far more better effective when dealing with others 3) Powerful people feel free to Lie, cheat others when it suits to them 4) It is much better to be feared than love

12. Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole. The greatest good for the greatest number"  Utilitarianism promotes "the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.“- the 'greatest happiness principle'.  When used in a sociopolitical construct, utilitarian ethics aims for the betterment of society as a whole.  Utilitarianism is a reason-based approach to determining right and wrong, but it has limitations.  Utilitarianism does not account for things like feelings and emotions, culture, or justice. Utilitarianism is a tradition of ethical philosophy that is associated with Jeremy Bentham (1747-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), two late 18th- and 19th-century British philosophers, economists, and political thinkers

13. The 3 Generally Accepted Principles of Utilitarianism  Pleasure, or happiness, is the only thing that has intrinsic value.  Actions are right if they promote happiness, and wrong if they promote unhappiness.  Everyone's happiness counts equally. some lives and some people's happiness were simply more important and valuable than others.

14. Utilitarianism: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Utilitarianism  Qualitative utilitarianism argues that mental pleasures and pains are different in kind and superior in quality to purely physical ones.  Quantitative utilitarianism argues that mental pleasures and pains differ from physical ones only in terms of quantity - “it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong”.

15. The Limitations of Utilitarianism  In the workplace, though, utilitarian ethics are difficult to achieve. These ethics also can be challenging to maintain in our business culture, where a capitalistic economy often teaches people to focus on themselves at the expense of others. Similarly, monopolistic competition teaches one business to flourish at the expense of others.capitalistic economymonopolistic competition  A limitation of utilitarianism is that it tends to create a black-and-white construct of morality. In utilitarian ethics, there are no shades of gray—either something is wrong or it is right.  Utilitarianism also cannot predict with certainty whether the consequences of our actions will be good or bad—the results of our actions happen in the future.  Utilitarianism also has trouble accounting for values like justice and individual rights. For example, say a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. If a healthy person wanders into the hospital, his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of his one life. This would arguably produce the greatest good for the greatest number. But few would consider it an acceptable course of action, let alone an ethical one.  So, although utilitarianism is surely a reason-based approach to determining right and wrong, it has obvious limitations.

16. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

17. Th Machiavellian Principles

18. Utilitarianism

19. Kantian Ethics

20. John Rawl's Principles of Justice

21. The Moral Positivism of Hobbes

22. - Divine Command Ethics - Business leaders, along with society in general, rely on ethical frameworks to guide daily decision-making processes and logically confirm gut feelings. Prominent ethical frameworks such as deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics are popular tools employed in this process. All the components of Divine Command Theory and Business ethics are same - help in building up good relations among the employees of the company - businessmen are able to set their companies policies and rules easily - becomes easy for the management to manage daily operations according to set rules and division of work also becomes easy Divine command theory and business ethics rules and guidance are similar such as being truthful to get a better reward - brand loyalty and customer satisfaction same thing is suggested - it helps in setting up the environment of an organization if used properly

23. - Ethical Egoism of Ayn Rand - Rand's view is that the exact opposite is true: Self-interest, properly understood, is the standard of morality and selflessness is the deepest immorality. Self-interest rightly understood, according to Rand, is to see oneself as an end in oneself. Self-interest rightly understood, according to Rand, is to see oneself as an end in oneself. That is to say that one’s own life and happiness are one’s highest values, and that one does not exist as a servant or slave to the interests of others. Nor do others exist as servants or slaves to one’s own interests. Rand’s ethic of self-interest is integral to her advocacy of classical liberalism. Classical liberalism, more often called “libertarianism” in the twentieth century, is the view that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests. - the moral legitimacy of self-interest implies that individuals have rights to their lives, their liberties, their property, and the pursuit of their own happiness, and that the purpose of government is to protect those rights -Economically, leaving individuals free to pursue their own interests implies in turn that only a capitalist or free market economic system is moral