1. CHAPTER 1 A HOLISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF PEACE AND VIOLENCE Baid, Maybel N. Egot, Reymond G.

2. Learning Objectives: At the of discussion you should be able to: 1.Define the concept of peace in a holistic way; 2.Explain the contribution or importance of peace education in the quest for positive social changes or transformation; and 3.Identify and explain the key themes of peace education.

3. What is Peace?

4. What is peace? Peace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. (Wikipedia).

6. Lesson Introduction The power of our own understanding and views of peace both as a condition and as a value cannot be underestimated. Fritjof Capra, in his widely acclaimed book, The Turning Point, has argued for the need for a change in thinking, about both concepts and values, do a necessary first step to solve our many problems today.

7. Secular Views/Concepts of Peace and Violence On the subject of peace, it is indicated that peace was defined as merely the absence of war or direct violence. This negative formulation was first given by Hugo Grotius in 1625. According to (Thee, 1987), the simplest and most widespread understanding of peace was that the absence of death and destruction as a result of war. As late as 1966 the noted French thinker, Raymond Aron defined peace narrowly as a condition of “more or less lasting suspension of violent modes or rivalry between political units” (Barash, 1999).

8. An alternative view started to emerge, beginning with the late 1960s. Attention shifted from direct to indirect or structural violence, i.e., ways in which people suffer from violence built into society via its social, political and economic systems (Hicks, 1987). It was realized that it was not only war and direct violence that caused the death and disfigurement. Structural violence also led to death and suffering because of the conditions that resulted from it: extreme poverty, starvation, avoidable diseases, discrimination against minority groups and denial of human rights. It was further realized that a world marked by said conditions is a world devoid of peace and human security; it breeds anger and generates tension leading to armed conflict and war.

9. A Holistic Concept of Peace and Violence Johann Galtung, a renowned peace theorist and researcher, argues that structural violence occurs when the wealth of affluent nations, groups or individuals is based on the labor and the essential resources drawn from nations, groups and individuals who, as a consequence, are required to live diminished lives of deprivation (Monez, 1973). Johann Galtung explains that peace is the absence of violence, not only personal or direct, but also structural or indirect. The manifestations of structural violence are the highly uneven distribution of wealth and resources as well as the uneven distribution of power to decide over the distribution of said resources.

11. Peace is both the absence of personal/direct violence, and the presence of social justice. The meaning of peace can be captured by the idea of a negative peace and the idea of a positive peace. Negative peace refers to the absence of war or physical/direct violence, while positive peace refers to the presence of just and non- exploitative relationships, as well as human and ecological well-being, such that the root causes of conflict are diminished.

12. The non-exploitative relationships mentioned above refer not only to relationships between humans but also those between human and nature. Peace with nature is considered the foundation of “positive peace” (Mische, 1987). It is because the earth is ultimately the source of our survival, physical sustenance, health and wealth; it is not possible to provide for human survival if nature’s capacity to renew itself is seriously impaired. I t must also be remembered that human behavior is intimately related to the availability of basic resources (Barnaby, 1989).

14. Types of Violence Betty Reardon – defines violence as “humanly inflicted harm”. Physical/Direct ViolenceStructural Violence injures or kills people quickly and dramatically is much more widespread and kills far more people by depriving them of satisfaction of their basic needs ……….

15. Birgit Brock-Utne (1989) - notes that direct violence can be categorized as organized or unorganized. Organized violence refers to war which she describes as organized and collective violence which occurs between states or within a state. Unorganized violence includes wife battering, rape, child abuse and street crime. Birgit Brock-Utne (1989) - notes that indirect violence can either shorten life span or reduce quality of life.

16. A Typology of Violence Toh Swee-Hinand Virginia Cawagas

17. UNESCO Preamble "Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed." A Culture of Peace

18. The Declaration on a Culture of Peace ● Respect for life, ending of violence and promotion and practice of non-violence through education, dialogue and cooperation; ● Full respect for the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of States and non- intervention in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and international law; - Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (1998-1999) The Declaration (UN, 1998) states that "a culture of peace is a set of values, attitudes, traditions, modes of behavior and ways of life that reflect and inspire:

19. ● Full respect for and promotion of all human rights and fundamental freedoms; ● Commitment to peaceful settlement of conflicts; ● Efforts to meet the developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations; ● Respect for and promotion of the right to development; ● Respect for and promotion of equal rights and opportunities for women and men; ● Respect for and promotion of the right of everyone to freedom of expression, opinion and information; ● Adherence to the principles of freedom, justice, democracy, tolerance, solidarity, cooperation, pluralism, cultural diversity, dialogue and understanding at all levels of society and among nations; and fostered by an enabling national and international environment conducive to peace.“ https://www.grainesdepaix.org/en/resources/peace-dictionary/culture- of-peace

20. A Philippine Framework toward a Culture of Peace

21. Cultural Traditions with a Broad Concept of Peace The Greek concept of “irene” implies harmony and justice as well as the absence of physical violence. The Arabi “sala’am” and the Hebrew “shalom” embrace not only the absence of war but also well- being, wholeness, and harmony with one’s self, community, and among nations. The Sanskrit Concept of “shanti” refers not only to spiritual contentment but also to peace of mind, peace of the earth, peace underneath the seas, peace in outer space truly a cosmic view of peace.

22. The Chinese “ping” implies harmony, achieving a unity out of diversity. It can be said that a holistic understanding of peace has been derived, on one hand, from critical and practical analysis of what the yearning for a durable peace really demands. At the same time, holistic view is also derived from certain ethical, cultural and historical roots that have influence todays peace thinking.

23. THANK YOU! ^.^ Prepared by: BAID, MAYBEL N.