1. PHONOTICS 11

2. THE ORGANS OF SPEECH

3. AIRSTREAM MECHANISM All speech sounds are produced on a moving airstream. An airstream initiated by the lungs is called a pulmonic airstream. All English sounds (both consonants and vowels) are produced by Pulmonic Egressive Airstream, an outgoing airstream produced by the lungs.

4. PULMONIC EGRESSIVE AIRSTREAM MECHANISM Air is coming from the Lungs, passing through the Trachea (windpipe) and the Larynx (where the vocal folds are), into the Vocal tract (oral and nasal cavities).

5. THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET In English, there is no one-to-one relation between the system of writing and the system of pronunciation. The alphabet which we use to write English has 26 letters but in (Standard British) English there are approximately 44 speech sounds. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a pronunciation alphabet in which every speech sound is represented by a symbol. The symbols are used in modern dictionaries for English learners.

6. 26 letters 1. 5 vowels 2.21 consonants 44 sounds 1.12 monophthongs 2.8 diphthongs 3.24 consonant sounds

7. We have 26 letters in the alphabet but modern English uses about 44 different sounds. We you look at the word, it can be difficult to know from the spelling how to pronounce it, because the same letters can be pronounced differently in deferent words. Look to these words: Busy, word, queue, laugher, comp, chaos. All these words and many more can be difficult to pronounce because spelling in English is not phonetic and it’s often inconsistent.

9. From the above chart, we noticed that it looks meaningless collection of symbols. But each symbol represents a different sound. In spoken form most of English language can be broken down into 44 separate sounds. The phonetic chart show us how these sounds related to each other.

10. SECTIONS OF SOUNDS 1.Single vowels, or monophthongs. 2.Diphthongs. 3.Consonants.

11. VOWELS When we think about alphabets we normally think of there are 5 vowels ( a, e, I, o, u). However, there are many ways that these letters are pronounced, so the pronunciation is very inconsistent. Top row / i:, I, ʊ, u: / …… With all these sounds the mouth is almost closed, and the sound is made at the top of the mouth. Middle row / e, ə, ɜ :, ɔ : /…… now the mouth is open a little more and it feels like the sounds comes straight out through the middle of the mouth. Bottom row / æ, ʌ, æ, ɑ : / ….. To made these sounds our mouths should be almost wide open and it feels like sound is coming from the bottom of the mouth.

12. DIPHTHONGS / a ɪ, e ɪ, o ʊ, ɔɪ, ɪ ə, ʊ ə, a ʊ, e ə / Diphthongs are also vowels sound, but there compensation of two vowel sounds that appear together within the same syllable producing a new unique sound.

13. DIPHTHONGS / i:, I, ʊ, u: / these sounds are pronounced when our mouths are almost closed. / e, ə, ɜ :, ɔ : / here mouth in the middle. / æ, ʌ, æ, ɑ : / in these sounds mouth almost closed For the sounds on the left our tongue in the front of our teeth. In the right side the tongue has moved in the back. Some example for each sound: / i: / as in ( me, need, these, be )

14. DIPHTHONGS / I / as in ( with, this, if, think ) / ʊ / as in ( look, put, would, woman) / u: / as in ( who, you, new, to) / e / as in ( get, very, well, when) / ə / as in ( the, about, could, us) / ɜ : / as in ( word, her, work, learn) / ɔ : / as in ( or, also, more, call) /æ/ as in ( have, as, that, can) / ʌ / as in ( but, up, one, much) /æ/ as in ( ask, start, large, after) / ɑ : / as in ( not, from, on, of)

15. DIPHTHONGS So that all the single vowels. Obviously there are a lot more examples but the examples in this presentation are some of the most common words. Note: Please study the charts in the presentation and try to pronounce the words. Use the following website to check the pronunciation. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/website

16. THE CONSONANT SOUND B and P, the shape of the mouth is the same for both sounds. But the only deference is that the sound /b/ is voiced and /p/ sound is aspirated. voiced means that the sounds starts in the throat and it produced by the vocal chords. So if you feel your throat when you say the sound you should be able to feel some vibration. P is not voiced but it is aspirated, this means when you say the sound a short burst of air will come out of your mouth. You can feel it, if you put your hand in front of your mouth. Some examples: (Pat, park, pair, Bark, pear, bat).

17. /T and D/ the sounds are producing by stopping the flow of air with the tongue just behind the teeth and then releasing it, but /d / is voiced and /t / is aspirated. Some examples: (time, train, to, dime, do, drain). /t ʃ and d ʒ,/ these sounds are very similar but they are longer and the sound produced by pushing air over the tongue and through the teeth. /d ʒ / is voiced and /t ʃ / is aspirated. As in the words : (ridge, joke, badge, rich, batch, choke). /K/ and /g/ these sounds are producing by sopping and releasing the air flow with the back of the tongue almost at the top of your throat, /g/ is voiced and /k/ is aspirated. As in words: (gap, guard, game, card, came, and cap).

18. /f/ and /v/ we are constricting airflow between the bottom lip and the upper teeth. /v/ is voiced and /f/ is aspirated. Here are some examples: (fan, fear leaf, van, leave, very). / θ / and /ð/ with these sounds you need to stick your tongue out a little bit, because the sound is made by the air flow directed through the top of the teeth with the tongue. /ð/ is voiced and / θ / is aspirated. Here are some examples: (within, another, the, think, something, through). /s/ and /z/ with these sounds, air pushed over our tongue and through our teeth. /z/ is voiced and /s/ is aspirated. Some examples: (ice, last, house, zone, maize, eyes). / ʃ / and / ʒ / again we are pushing air through our teeth but our lips are more rounded and our tongue is lower in our mouth, so the air flow is less intense. Some examples: ( she, information, television, education, confusion, measure).