1. Stored Product Insect Pests Presented by Dr. S.KRISHNAMOORTHY Assistant Professor, PG and Research Centre in Zoology Vivekananda College, Tiruvedakam West, Madurai

2. STORED PRODUCT INSECT PEST Cereal grain products and other foods stored in kitchen cabinets, pantries or other areas in the home may become infested with insects or other organisms. These food invaders are commonly referred to as "pantry pests." Nearly all dry, stored human food products as well as dry pet food and birdseed are susceptible. Pantry pests eat and contaminate the products, rendering them useless for consumption and can leave infested foods to crawl or fly around the house. When this happens, they become an annoyance for many people.

3. Control of stored product pests begins with a careful examination of all susceptible materials to find and identify the pests and the extent of the infestation. This publication lists only the most common arthropod pests of stored products in Missouri and gives some brief information about their biology, behavior and treatment. Most of these pests are beetles, moths, mites or psocids.

4. Types Grain insect pests may be divided into primary and secondary pests. Primary grain insects have the ability to attack whole, unbroken grains. while secondary pests attack only damaged grain, dust and milled products

5. Primary grain pests Primary grain pests attack the whole grain. The eggs are laid inside the grain, before the larvae mature inside the grain and then chew their way out. Some of these pests include the Lesser grain borer, Granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius, the Wheat weevil) and Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae).

6. secondary pests Flour beetles are secondary pests of all grains and primary pests of flour and other milled products. In grains, embryo or germ portion is preferred. They construct tunnels as they move through flour and other granular food products.

8. Rice weevil: Sitophilus oryzae, S. zeamais, S. granarius Host range: Wheat, rice, maize, jowar, paddy. Symptoms of damage  Both grub and adults cause the damage.  Grains are hollowed out; kernels are reduced to mere powder. S. oryzae and S. zeamais starts its attack in field itself.  Adults cut circular holes. Heating takes place during heavy infestation, which is known as ‘dry heating’ Identification of the pest  Egg - Translucent white, plugs the egg hole with gelatinous secretion, laid singly on grains.  Grub - White with yellowish brown head, apodous, fleshy, curved, remains within the grain  Pupa - Pupates inside the grain.  Adult - Small, reddish brown to chocolate coloured weevils has characteristic snout, and the elytra have four yellow spot

9. Sitophilus oryzae

10. Khapra beetle: Trogoderma granarium

11. Symptoms of damage  Adults are harmless. Grub damages the grain starting with germ portion, surface scratching and devouring the grain.  It reduces the grain into frass.  Excessive moulting results in loss of market value due to insanitation caused by the cast skin, frass and hair.  Crowding of larvae leads to unhygienic conditions in warehouses. Damage is confined to peripheral layers of bags in bulk storage.

12. Identification of the pest  Egg - Eggs are laid on the grains or crevices.  Grub - Grub is straw coloured with dark brown hairy bands on each segment and typical posterior tuft forming a tail of long hairs. It is active, move and feed freely.  Pupa - Pupation takes place on the surface of the grain in bulk and overlapping edges of bags. Adult - Reddish brown, convex, oval in shape with practically no distinct division of head, thorax and abdomen. Abdomen size is comparatively larger.

13. Lesser grain borer/Hooded grain borer/paddy borer beetle: Rhyzopertha dominica

14. Host range: Paddy, rice, wheat, maize. Symptoms of damage  Grubs and adults cause damage and are voracious feeders.  Adults reduce the grain kernels to mere frass.  Grubs eat their way into the grain or feed on the grain dust and are capable of attacking grain externally.

15. Identification of the pest  Egg - Eggs are laid on the surface or on the interstices of cereal grains singly or in clusters.  Grub - White, apodous with brown head, free living upto 3rd instar.  Pupa - Grub enters the grain after 3rd instar for pupation. Adult - Brown to blackish beetle, head is deflexed down wards below prothorax to such an extent that it is almost hidden in a dorsal view. Antenna clubbed with large loose three segments

16. Pulse beetle: Callosobruchus chinensis, C. maculatus Host range: All whole pulses, beans and grams. Symptoms of damage  Grubs eat up the grain kernel and make a cavity. Adults come out making exit holes.

17. Callosobruchus maculatus

18. Cigarette beetle: Lasioderma sericorne Host range: Wheat flour, cereal bran, peanuts, cocoa beans, cottonseed, spices and even insecticides containing pyrethrum, meat and fishmeal, ginger, turmeric and chillies. Symptoms of damage  Grub causes the damage which made circular, pinhead sized bore holes on processed tobacco. Identification of the pest  Grub: White, fleshy and hairy grub.  Adult: Small, robust, oval, light brown round beetle with its thorax and head bent downward gives the insect a humped appearance. Elytra have minute hairs on them and are not striated.

19. Lasioderma sericorne

20. Drug store beetle: Stegobium paniceum Host range: Turmeric, coriander, ginger, dry vegetable and animal matter. Symptoms of damage  Circular pinhead sized bore holes, caused by grubs Identification of the pest  Grub: Similar to cigarette beetle but not hairy.  Adult: Reddish brown round beetle with striated elytra and clubbed antenna.

21. Stegobium paniceum

22. Secondary storage pest

23. Rust red flour beetle: Tribolium castaneum Confused flour beetle: Tribolium confusum, Host range: Broken grains/ mechanically damaged grains, germ portion and milled products. Heavy infestation causes stinking odour in flour, adversely affecting the dough quality. It is an important pest for mill machinery.

25. Symptoms of damage  Grubs feed on milled products.  Flour beetles are secondary pests of all grains and primary pests of flour and other milled products.  In grains, embryo or germ portion is preferred.  They construct tunnels as they move through flour and other granular food products. In addition they release gaseous quinines to the medium, which may produce a readily identifiable acid odour in heavy infestations.

26. Identification of the pest Egg - White, translucent, sticky, slender and cylindrical. Grub - Worm like, whitish cream colour, faint stripes, two spines like appendages at the end segment. Pupa - Pupa remains loosely lying in the grain and is naked. Adult - Oblong, flat, brown in colour. In T. confusum, the compound eyes are completely notched and antennae are not gradually thickened whereas in T.castaneum, the notch is not complete and antennae have a clear 3-segmented club.

27. Long headed flour beetle: Latheticus oryzae Host range: Cereal flours, packaged food, rice and rice products, grains with excessive dust, dockage and broken grains with high moisture contents preferred.

28. Identification of the pest: Egg - White, smooth, cylindrical eggs at random in grain and seams of the bags. Grub - Active grub feeds voraciously. Pupa- Pupa is naked. Adult- Light brown with elongated body, resembles Tribolium sp. Antennae shorter than head, 11 segmented with 5 clubbed apical segments. Symptom of damage: Both grubs and adults feed.

29. Saw toothed grain beetle: Oryzaephilus surinamensis Host range: Rice, wheat, maize, cereal products, oil seeds and dry fruits.

30. Identification of the pest Egg: Whitish eggs laid loosely in cracks of storage receptacles or godowns. Grub: Grub is slender, pale cream with two slightly darker patches on each segment. Pupa: Full grown grub makes protective cocoon like covering with sticky secretion. Adult:: Narrow, flattened, thorax having six teeth like serrations on each side. Antenna clubbed. Elytra cover abdomen completely.

31. Rice moth: Corcyra cephalonica Host range: Rice, jowar, other millets, whole cereals, cereal products, pulses, processed products of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, nuts, dry fruits and milled spices.

33. Identification of the pest  Egg: Small, oval, elliptical laid on wall, bags or on grain.  Larva: Creamy white has prothoracic shield.  Pupa: It webs silken shelter before pupation. In case of heavy infestation cocoons may be seen sticking to the grain bags. Cocoon dense white and tough. Adult: Pale buff brown colour, forewings pale yellowish green and grey white hind wings.

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