1. Active Voice & Passive Voice

2. The transitive verbs has two voices:

3. When an action performed by the subject is expressed by the verb, it is an active voice. Active voice is used when more straightforward relation and clarity is required between the subject and the verb. Active Voice Examples: Hens lay eggs. Birds build nests.

4. When the action expressed by the verb is received by the subject, it is passive voice. Passive voice is used when the doer of the action is not known and the focus of the sentence is on the action and not the subject. Passive Voice Examples: Eggs are laid by hens. Nests are built by birds.

5. Rules for Active – Passive Voice Conversions

6. Points to remember: Rule 1. Identify the (S+V+O) Subject, Verb and object in the active sentence to convert to passive voice Example: He drives car. (Subject – He, verb – Drives, object – Car) Rule 2. Interchange the object and subject with each other, i.e. object of the active sentence become the subject of the passive sentence. Example : Active voice : She knits sweater. (Subject – She, Verb – Knits, Object – Sweater) Passive Voice : The sweater is knitted by her. (Object sweater is interchanged with the subject She). Rule 3. Use the suitable helping or auxiliary verb (is/am/are/was, etc.). The rules for using auxiliary verbs in passive voice sentences are different for each tense.

7. Auxiliary verbs in passive voice: TenseAuxiliary Verb Simple Presentis / am / are Simple Pastwas / were Simple Futurewill / shall + be Present Continuousis / am / are + being Past Continuouswas / were + being Future ContinuousX Present Perfecthas /have + been Past Perfecthad + been Future Perfectwill / shall + have + been Present Perfect ContinuousX Past Perfect ContinuousX Future Perfect ContinuousX

8. Rule 4. Change the base (main) verb in the active sentence into the past participle ie. third form verb in a passive sentence. Rule 5. The preposition “by” is used before the object (subject of Active voice) in sentences in passive voice. Rule 6. While conversion of Active voice sentence to Passive voice sentence, the pronoun used in the sentence also changes in the following manner. Ram by Ram Book by book

9. Forms of Active And Passive Voice For All Tenses

10. Simple Present Active : base form (V1) + “-s/-es” form He writes a novel. Passive : am/is/are + past participle (V3) A novel is written by him.

11. Simple Past Active : V2 Ria paid the bills. Passive : was/were + V3 The bills were paid by Ria.

12. Simple Future Active : will/shall + base We will take the horses to the stable. Passive : will/shall + be + V3 The horses will be taken to the stable by us.

13. Present Continuous Active : am/is/are + -ing They are eating bananas. Passive : am/is/are + being + V3 The bananas are being eaten by them.

14. Past Continuous Active : was/were + -ing Ria was paying the bills. Passive : was/were + being + V3 The bills were being paid by Ria.

15. Present Perfect Active : has/have + V3 They have paid the bill. Passive : has/have + been + V3 The bill has been paid by them.

16. Past Perfect Active : had + V3 She had won the match. Passive : had + been + V3 The match had been won by her.

17. Future Perfect Active : will + have + V3 He will have written the poems. Passive : will + have + been + V3 The poems will have been written by him.

18. be/

19. Questions starting with what, why, where, when, who, whom etc are known as ‘wh’ questions Normal structure of ‘wh’ questions in active voice is: Structure : ‘Wh’ word + auxiliary + subject + verb + object ? (Active Voice) Example: Why did she punish you? (Active Voice) (Here ‘she’ is subject, ‘punish’ is verb and ‘you’ is object.) While changing the sentence into passive, this structure becomes Structure : ‘Wh’ word + auxiliary + subject + V-3 + by object ? (Passive Voice) Example: Why were you punished by her? (Passive Voice) (Here ‘you’ becomes subject in passive voice, ‘punished’ is V-3 (past participle) of punish, and ‘her’ is object) More examples: Where had he taken Priya? (Active Voice) Where Priya had been taken by him? (Passive Voice) When are you giving her the key? (Active Voice) When the key is being given to her by you? (Passive Voice) Which book did you purchase? (Active Voice) Which book was purchased by you? (Passive Voice)

20. Questions beginning with ‘who’ In such kind of sentences who acts as subject. Structure : By whom + object + auxiliary + V3? (Passive Voice) By whom + auxiliary + object + V3? (Passive Voice) Examples: Who wrote this letter? (Active Voice) By whom this letter was written? (Passive Voice) Who will call him? (Active Voice) By whom he will be called? (Passive Voice) Questions beginning with ‘whom’ Structure : Who + auxiliary + V3 + by subject? (Passive Voice) Examples: Whom has the principal honoured? (Active Voice) Who has been honoured by the principal? (Passive Voice) Whom has the police arrested? (Active Voice) Who has been arrested by police? (Passive Voice)

23. Let + object + be + V3 Examples Active: Open the door. Passive: Let the door be opened. Active: Do it at once. Passive: Let it be done at once.

24. We can begin the passive sentence with you if we want to put emphasis on the person addressed to. Active: Please help me. Passive: You are requested to help me. Note: the passive form has to begin with you when the object of the active verb is not mentioned. Active: Work hard. (Here the active verb does not have an object. Therefore, the passive form should begin with you.) Passive: You are advised to work hard. Active: Get out. Passive: You are ordered to get out. When the active voice is in the negative, the passive voice takes the form: Let + object + not + be + past participle. Active: Do not beat the dog. Passive: Let the dog not be beaten. Note: do is not used in the passive form.

25. Intransitive Verb Cannot Be Changed Into Passive Voice The sentences having intransitive verbs (belonging to any tense) cannot be changed into passive voice. The reason is that there is not any object in such sentences and without object of sentence passive voice is not possible.

27. Changing an imperative sentence in the active voice to passive An imperative sentence in the passive voice has the following form: Active: Carry it home. Passive: Let it be carried home. Active: Do it at once. Passive: Let it be done at once. Active: Open the door. Passive: Let the door be opened. Active: Throw the ball. Passive: Let the ball be thrown.

29. We can begin the passive sentence with you if we want to put emphasis on the person addressed to. Active: Please help me. Passive: You are requested to help me. Active: Learn the poem. Passive: Let the poem be learned. Passive: You are asked to learn the poem. Active: Don’t touch it. Passive: Let it not be touched. Passive: You are advised not to touch it.

31. have

40. More examples of Simple Present Tense: Active Sentences Passive Sentences He writes an essayAn essay is written by him Sheena does the housework.The housework is done by Sheena. She cares the rabbit.The rabbit is cared by her. Jacob always plays the guitar.The guitar is always played by Jacob.

41. More examples of Simple Past Tense: Active Sentences Passive Sentences Ria paid the bills.The bills were paid by Ria. The teacher called the student. The student was called by the teacher. She did not buy the fruits. The fruits were not bought by her. Did the little boy sell all the candy bars? Were all the candy bars sold by the little boy?

42. More examples of Simple Future Tense: Active Sentences Passive Sentences He will write a letterA letter will be written by him He will repair her cycle Her cycle will be repaired by him He will start the meeting The meeting will be started by him Will the boss give me a job?Will I be given a job by the boss?

43. More examples of Present Continuous Tense: Active Sentences Passive Sentences They are eating bananas. The bananas are being eaten by them. Bob is drawing a diagram. A diagram is being drawn by Bob. Samta is playing the piano. A piano is being played by Samta. She is waiting for Reema. Reema is being waited for by her.

44. More examples of Past Continuous Tense: Active Sentences Passive Sentences They were waiting for him. He was being waited for by them. Astha was learning French. French was being learnt by Astha. She was playing kabaddi. Kabaddi was being played by her. The boy was throwing the stone. The stone was being thrown by the boy.

45. More examples of Present Perfect Tense:

46. More examples of Past Perfect Tense: Active Sentences Passive Sentences I had finished the work The work had been finished by me He had missed the last metro The last metro had been missed by him The little girl had broken the window. The window had been broken by the little girl. Had Dorothy solved the problems? Had the problems been solved by Dorothy?

47. More examples of Future Perfect Tense: Active Sentences Passive Sentences I shall have learnt the lesson.The lesson will have been learnt by me. The children will have seen the show. The show will have been seen by the children. He will have read this book. This book will have been read by him. She will have taken the test.The test will have been taken by her.

48. Practice Work Topic: Active Passive

49. State whether the following sentence is active or passive voice: 1. I ate a piece of chocolate cake._________________________ 2. The librarian read the book to the students. _________________________ 3. The money was stolen. _________________________ 4. They are paid on Fridays. _________________________ 5. The movie is being made in Hollywood. _________________________ 6. I washed my car three weeks ago. _________________________ 7. His hair was cut by a professional. _________________________ 8. I will introduce you to my boss this week. _________________________ 9. It would have been fixed at the weekend. _________________________ 10. The national anthem is being sung by Jason this time. _________________________

50. 11.Boys like to play soccer. _________________________ 12.This room has been painted blue. _________________________ 13.Cricket is played in Australia. _________________________ 14.I am given a book. _________________________ 15.We have lost our keys. _________________________ 16.You might see dolphins here. _________________________ 17.The report must be completed by next Friday. _________________________ 18.They were singing a song in the lesson yesterday. _________________________ 19.A letter was written to her some days ago. _________________________ 20.The black bike is being repaired at the moment. _________________________

51. 1.America was discovered by Columbus. 2.By whom was the garden cleaned? 3.Let the door be shut by you. 4.Books are being read by them. 5.The gate will be painted by me. 6.The pots were broken by somebody yesterday. 7.A song is sung by him. 8.A snake was rescued by the man. 9.He was caught by them. 10.Rice is sown by farmers in the rainy season. 11.Is a picture being painted by you? 12.A well was being dug by the labourers. 13.The painting will be finished by me by the end of this week. 14.Has your homework been finished by you? 15.He has been informed about his friend by them. 16.All the necessary precautions were taken by them.

52. 1.Mr. Ghosh teaches us history. 2.The teacher praised her. 3.The rescue team took the injured to hospital. 4.The landslide destroyed the city. 5.Someone has eaten my muffin. 6.The earthquake damaged the building. 7.Who taught you swimming?

53. 8.The bus conductor will give you a ticket. 9.Spectators thronged the stadium. 10.Everyone will encourage us. 11.The strong winds uprooted the trees. 12.The police caught the thieves. 13.The Principal wrote the letter. 14.The senior students received the parents. 15.The hunter killed the deer. 16.The party members welcomed the minister. 17.They/The judge found him guilty of kidnapping. 18.A famous architect designed this house. 19.Did she finish the work? 20.She has not stolen my book. 2 21.Had he completed the assignment? 22.Are they / Is he /the policeman going to knock down the old library?