1. A Seminar presented by : Adelaja Samuel Victor Matric No:HND21/06/0034 Supervisor : Akinbile A.A. Friday, June 09, 2023 1 CANDIDA INFECTION: Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Prevention &Control

2. Presentation outline 2 Description of candida Infection Epidemiology of Candida Infection Pathogenicity of the Candida albicans Signs & symptoms of candida infection Diagnosis, treatment & vaccine against candidiasis Prevention and control Conclusion

3. Introduction of Candida Infection 3 Candida albicans is opportunistic eukaryotic cosmopolitan yeasts belonging to the phylum Ascomycota (Celine et al., 2007). The invasive fungal infection in human being has risen and also increasing in the incidence of infections caused by candida. The main virulence factors are biofilms formation, production of acid proteinase, phospholipase, etc.

4. Types of candidiasis: 4 Oral candidiasis Vulvovaginal candidiasis Anal candidiasis Nail& skin candidiasis

5. Epidemiology 5 Several Candida species are commensal and colonize the skin and mucosal surfaces of humans. In the western Hemisphere, about 75% of female are affected at some time in their lives with a vaginal. Esophageal candidiasis is the most common esophageal infection in person with AIDS (WHO) Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the mouth, and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in human (Rajendran et al.,2010).

6. 6 Epidemiology cont.

7. Pathogenicity of the Candida albicans 7

8. Sign & symptoms of candida infection 8 The clinical symptoms of Candida infection may vary depending on whether the pathogen has colonized the surface or deep tissue of the body. These symptoms may include the following: intestinal problems such as diarrhea, allergies, eating disorders, rashes, red or purple patches, cracks in the skin, soreness, red and white lesions, and others (Pfaller et al., 2007).

9. A number of protective and highly immunogenic vaccine formulations have been developed against candidiasis in the last decade. 9 Treatment & vaccine against candida infection Disorder Drug dosageAdministration route Invasive candidiasis Fluconazole200-1200 mg/day; Oral Esophagitis candidiasis Itraconazole 2 × 200 mg/day (oral) Skin/nails infections Fluconazole Miconazole 100-200 mg/day cream

10. 10 Prevention and control of Candida infection Avoid body contact with infected people. Maintain the skin clean and dry During menstruation, compresses should be used without cosmetic or additives. Avoid sexual relations during antifungal therapy

11. Conclusion and Recommendation 11 As this infection is very uncomfortable and, in some cases, offers a considerable health risk, the major and most important aspect is prevention. To combat the infection different procedures are necessary according to the pathologic conditions of the patient, if all daily care is considered. All people are exposed to a variety of candidiasis predisposing factors, and some of them are impossible to avoid (Alka et al., 2012).

12. Reference 12 Alka Nerurkar, Priti Solanky, Nilesh Chavda, Hinal Baria, Binita Desai. Isolation of Candida Species in Clinical Specimens and its Virulence Factor: The Biofilm. Ijmsph, 2012, vol.1 (2), 97-100. Anurag Malani, Jareer Hmoud, Loretta Chiu, Peggy L. Carver, Andrew Bielaczyc, and Carol A. Kauffman. Candida glabrata Fungemia: Experience in a Tertiary Care Center. CID, (2005) 41(1), 975-981. Clayton YM, Nobel WC - Observation on the epidemiology of Candida albicans. J.Clin. Pathol 1966; 19: 76-78.

13. Thank you for listening 13