1. The main orientations in psychology The four forces in psychology: behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology

2. the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and the first letter of the words as psyche (psychic, soul); the term is used in modern quantum physics to denote the so- called "hidden variables"; the symbol is also found in Norwegian Runic alphabets, in which it symbolizes psychological protection; Neptune's trident has the form of the Greek letter "psi"

3. Psychology is, on the one hand, a very old science about 2400 years, on the other hand, she is young, because it is only in the 19th century that it is an independent science Aristotle is considered the founder of psychology.

4. The real beginning of psychology is the establishment of the laboratory of experimental psychology in 1879 in Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt (1823-1920), physiologist, psychologist and philosopher.

5. Behaviorism (also called behavioral psychology) refers to a psychological approach which emphasizes scientific and objective methods of investigation. Behaviorism states that human existence can be described as a behavior. Scientifically it is a systematic approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior. It states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.

6. Representatives: John Watson Burrhus Skinner Edward. L. Thorndike Eduard Tolman John Dollard Neal Miller Albert Bandura Walter Mischel Julian Rotter

7. Edward Thorndike He was born 1874 in the United States and died 1949 Referred to as “ America’s most productive psychologist” The father of modern day educational psychology.

8. He was born 1878 in United States and died 1958. First claimed that human behavior consisted of specific stimuli that resulted in certain responses.

9. Only the observable events, and not mental states are substance of psychology. He established the psychological school of behaviorism and is famous for little Albert experiment.

10. Operant conditioning can be described as a process that attempts to modify behavior through the use of positive and negative reinforcement. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence. Example: Parents rewarding a child’s excellent grades with candy or some other prize. The term “operant conditioning” originated by the behaviorist B. F. Skinner, who believed that one should focus on the external, observable causes of behavior (rather than try to unpack the internal thoughts and motivations.

12. Positive reinforcement for example when we get a reward for doing specific things or for example we work harder when we have job because we knows we will receive paycheck based on our behavior in the past. Negative reinforcements for example in specific class students who made an “A” on the test didn't have to dissect a frog, teacher exempts student from the final test if they have perfect attendance. So, the teacher is taking away something unpleasant to increase behavior.

13. The positive punishment is used to decrease behavior (removing unpleasant thing) for example - When a specific student talking and disturbing the class the teacher force the student to go out this will decrease his behavior in the future. Negative punishments for example: is used to decrease a behavior (removing pleasant thing) For example a child does not put his bike away so the parents locked it up for certain time (the parents took away something pleasant to decrease behavior).

14. Skinner states the «Theory of Reinforcement» based to the «theory of the effect» by Thorndike. «The rat learn to pull out a lever, if he obtains food for him»

15.  B.F. Skinner “observed that teachers presented large quantities of material at once, expecting students to make unreasonably large behavior changes at one time”  His emphasis on small, segmented bits of instruction sought to remedy this, and it is still replicated in online courses today. Teaching and providing information in this way is effective for students and can be used at various levels forms and ways of teaching.

16.  Acording to behaviorism, students learn through experiences and practices.  Students recieve a reward through the classroom system  Innervate the relationship between the students and the teacher

17. Skinner believes that rapid feedback as an essential element to learning and if there is not timely feedback for student so the material being learned may be learned incorrectly and thus increase possible errors in future learning.

18. “Psychology, as the behaviorist views it, is a purely objective, experimental branch of natural science which needs introspection as little as do the sciences of chemistry and physics.... The position is taken here that the behavior of man and the behavior of animals must be considered in the same plane” - John B. Watson

19. Ivan Pavlov (26 September 1849-27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. He discovered classical condition Awarded Nobel Prize in physiology in 1904

22. An important distinction between methodological and radical behaviorism concerns the extent to which environmental factors influence behavior: Watson's (1913) methodological behaviorism asserts the mind is tabula rasa (a blank slate) at birth. In contrast, radical behaviorism accepts the view that organisms are born with innate behaviors.

23. Behavioral Therapies based on classical conditioning aim to break the association between stimulus and undesired response. Aversion therapy involves associating such stimuli and behavior with a very unpleasant unconditioned stimulus In the case of alcoholism, what is often done is to require the client to take a sip of alcohol while under the effect of a nausea-inducing drug.

24. Main Limitations of Behaviorism

25. Behaviorism provides a partial view of human behavior as focus lies on objective part of behavior, that, which can be externally observed and subjective part, e.g. emotions, expectations, higher-level motivation is not taken into account.

26. Ignorance of Genetics Behavioral theories completely reject the idea of genetics having an influence on human behavior. Because in the behaviorism point of view the human is just a Blackbox giving output when it receives input.

27. Generalization In these experiments artificial environments are constructed to condition subjects to associating these normally unrelatable stimuli, such as food and electric shock. The psychologists then generalized their results to all sets of stimuli, no matter how easily the relationships between these stimuli are made.

28. Cognitive issues Behavioral theories see humans as no different creatures than animals: mental processes are not important.

29. Psychopathology Psychopathology implies inner works on the brain (the subjective part), something behaviorists deny, so behavioral theories are useless in explaining mental problems. Because behavioral theories treat the human mind as a “black box”, they have no place in explaining diseases that are associated with abnormal thought processes such as schizophrenia.

30. Not applicable to all types of learning Behaviorism does not account for other types of learning, especially learning that occurs without the use of reinforcement and punishment.