2. Ratio Scale Ratio scale: overcomes the disadvantage of the arbitrary origin point of the interval scale, in that it has an absolute (in contrast to an arbitrary) zero point, which is a meaningful measurement point. What is your age? 26

3. Ratio Scale 3

4. The ratio scale is the most powerful of the four scales because it has a unique zero origin ( not an arbitrary origin). The differences between scales are summarized in the next Figure. 4

5. The differences between scales 5

6. Properties of the Four Scales

7. 7 Developing Scales The four types of scales that can be used to measure the operationally defined dimensions and elements of a variable are: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio scales. It is necessary to examine the methods of scaling (assigning numbers or symbols) to elicit the attitudinal responses of subjects toward objects, events, or persons.

8. 8 Developing Scales Categories of attitudinal scales: (not to be confused with the four different types of scales)  The Rating Scales  The Ranking Scales

9. 9 Developing Scales Rating scales have several response categories and are used to elicit responses with regard to the object, event, or person studied. Ranking scales, make comparisons between or among objects, events, or persons and elicit the preferred choices and ranking among them.

10. 10 Rating Scales The following rating scales are often used in organizational research. 1.Dichotomous scale 2.Category scale 3.Likert scale 4.Numerical scale

11. 11 Rating Scales 5.Semantic differential scale 6.Itemized rating scale 7.Fixed or constant sum rating scale 8.Stapel scale 9.Graphic rating scale 10.Consensus scale

12. 12 Dichotomous Scale Is used to elicit a Yes or No answer. (Note that a nominal scale is used to elicit the response) Example 4 Do you own a car? Yes No

13. 13 Category Scale It uses multiple items to elicit a single response. Example 5 Where in Jordan do you reside? Amman Mafraq Irbid Zarqa Other

14. 14 Likert Scale Is designed to examine how strongly subjects agree or disagree with statements on a 5-point scale as following: _________________________________ Strongly Neither Agree Strongly Disagree Disagree Nor Disagree Agree Agree 1 2 3 4 5 ______________________________________________________

15. 15 Likert Scale This is an Interval scale and the differences in responses between any two points on the scale remain the same.

16. 16 Semantic Differential Scale We use this scale when several attributes are identified at the extremes of the scale. For instance, the scale would employ such terms as: Good – Bad Strong – Weak Hot – Cold

17. 17 Semantic Differential Scale This scale is treated as an Interval scale. Example 6 What is your opinion on your supervisor? Responsive--------------Unresponsive Beautiful-----------------Ugly Courageous-------------Timid

18. 18 Numerical Scale Is similar to the semantic differential scale, with the difference that numbers on a 5- points or 7-points scale are provided, as illustrated in the following example: How pleased are you with your new job? Extremely Extremlely pleased 5 4 3 2 1 displeased

19. 19 Itemized Rating Scale A 5-point or 7-point scale is provided for each item and the respondent states the appropriate number on the side of each item. This uses an Interval Scale. Example 7(i) Respond to each item using the scale below, and indicate your response number on the line by each item. 1 2 3 4 5 Very unlikely unlikely neither likely very likely unlikely nor likely -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I will be changing my job in the near future. --------

20. 20 Itemized Rating Scale Note that the above is balanced rating with a neutral point. The unbalance rating scale which does not have a neutral point, will be presented in the following example.

21. 21 Itemized Rating Scale Example 7(ii) Circle the number that is closest to how you feel for the item below: Not at all Somewhat Moderately Very much interested interested interested interested 1 2 3 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How would you rate your interest 1 2 3 4 In changing current organizational Policies?

22. 22 Fixed or Constant Sum Scale The respondents are asked to distribute a given number of points across various items. Example : In choosing a toilet soap, indicate the importance you attach to each of the following five aspects by allotting points for each to total 100 in all. Fragrance ----- Color ----- Shape ----- Size ----- _________ Total points 100 This is more in the nature of an ordinal scale.

23. 23 Stapel Scale This scale simultaneously measures both the direction and intensity of the attitude toward the items under study. The characteristic of interest to the study is placed at the center and a numerical scale ranging, say from +3 to – 3, on either side of the item as illustrated in the following example:

24. 24 Example 8: Stapel Scale State how you would rate your supervisor ’ s abilities with respect to each of the characteristics mentioned below, by circling the appropriate number. +3 +3 +3 +2 +2 +2 +1 +1 +1 Adopting modern Product Interpersonal Technology Innovation Skills - 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 3

25. 25 Graphic Rating Scale A graphical representation helps the respondents to indicate on this scale their answers to a particular question by placing a mark at the appropriate point on the line, as in the following example:

26. 26 Graphic Rating Scale Example 9 On a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate your supervisor? 5 1 10

27. 27 Ranking Scales Are used to tap preferences between two or among more objects or items (ordinal in nature). However, such ranking may not give definitive clues to some of the answers sought.