1. POULTRY HOUSING SYSTEM

2. FOR BETTER FARMING OF POULTRY AND APPLICATION OF UV LIGHT AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY FOR POULTRY PRODUCTION

3. POULTRY FARMING SYSTEM
Occupied a leading role in the agriculture industry in recent years.
A comfortable or good housing area directly affects the optimum growth and production in commercial poultry farming , either in Layer Poultry Farming or Broiler Poultry Farming.

4. POULTRY FARMING SYSTEM
One of the profitable business and gives maximum care when given extra care.
A better poultry housing construction maximizes the performance of flock and ensuring better health.
This system involves rearing of poultry on raised wire netting floor in smaller compartments, called cages, either fitted with stands on floor of house or hanged from the roof. 
It has been proved very efficient for laying operations, right from day-old to till disposal.

5. IMPORTANCE
Protection from climatic extremes like direct sun, wind, rain and insects and birds attack.
Comfort – To be comfortable, a house should provide adequate accommodation, be reasonably cool in hot weather and warm during cold weather
Convenience – House must be at a convenient place, and the equipment so arranged as to allow cleaning and other necessary operation as required

6. IMPORTANCE Provision of accessible food and clean water
Providing conditions so that good stockman ship can be practiced.

7. Features of poultry housing
Nonresidential areas.
Good environmental conditions.
The farm must be elevated from the ground.
Transport facilities .
Water, electricity, feed, and equipment are to be within the reach of the poultry farm.
Features of poultry housing

8. Features of poultry housing
Proper temperature and light.
At 30°C, the chicken can lay eggs well and electric bulb at a height of 7ft in poultry farms to provide warmness.
These lights are to be switched on during the first 7 weeks.
Relative humidity of 50 to 60% is ideal for poultry.
Features of poultry housing

9. Features of poultry farming
Proper ventilation helps in providing sufficient oxygen for birds and removes harmful gases.
The farmhouse should have an open front, adjustable windows and covered frames.
Flooring is to be constructed either with cement or Napa slabs.
Roof is to be constructed with Palmyra leaves or cement sheets.
Features of poultry farming

10. Poultry housing equipment
Depending on the size and type of poultry houses, various types of equipment are to be used in poultry farms.
Categories
Incubation equipments
Egg handling equipments
Egg candler
Brooder equipments
Feeding equipments
Watering equipments
Vaccination equipments
Miscellaneous equipments

11. Incubation Equipment 1.Setter 2.Hatcher Same as setter
machine in which proper temperature, humidity and turning are provided for the first 19 days of incubating chicken egg.
2.Hatcher
Same as setter
Eggs are placed for last three days of incubation.
3.Compressed air system
compressed air system is needed for blowing down dust and other dry cleaning in the hatchery.
4.Emergency standby electric plant
Secondary source of electricity
Within or next to hatchery building.

12. Egg handling Equipments
1.Hatching egg trays
Hatching eggs are set in the flats or bug-eye type trays.
The capacity of each tray is 90 or 180 chicken eggs.
2. Hatching egg transfer machines
Used to transfer the eggs from the breeder farm trays to hatcher trays.
Used in hatcheries for handling large volume of eggs

13. Two types of egg candlers are available, individual and mass candlers.
It is a lighting device, used to find out the internal structure of eggs.
Two types of egg candlers are available, individual and mass candlers.

14. Brooder Equipments 1. Charcoal stove / kerosene stove 2.Gas brooder
Used in places where electricity is not available
2.Gas brooder
Natural gas, LPG or methane is connected to heating element.
Hanged 3 to 5 feet above the chick to provide heat.
3.Electrical brooder
Spread required amount of heat uniformly above large area
Avoid crowding of chicks under brooder directly.
4.Reflectors/ Hovers
These reflectors are called Hovers.
These are reflectors of heat and light

15. Feeding Equipment Automatic feeder Linear feeder Circular feeder
Automatic chain type devices to move the feed from the feed bins to the other end.
Linear feeder
Different sizes of linear feeder with guards are available.
Circular feeder
semi-automatic feeders and can hold 5 to 7 kg feed in its cone at a time.
The feed is slowly delivered to the bottom by gravity.
Shell grit box
used to provide shell grit to the layer birds as a supplemental source of calcium

16. Watering Equipments Pan and jar type
circular in nature.
two compartments i.e. jar for filling water and pan for delivering water.
Linear waterer / Channel type waterers
waterer is usually attached with cages for providing continuous water supply.
Water basin made of plastic / wood/GI with grill
Basins of different diameters are available (10”, 12”, 14” and 16” diameter).
A separate grill is available to prevent the entry of birds inside the water.

17. Vaccination Equipment
Syringe with needle/vaccine droppers
It is used to give vaccine drops through intra-nasal or intra-ocular.
Automatic vaccinator
It is used to inject different doses of vaccine to large number of birds in shorter period.
Fowl pox vaccinator/lancet
These are used to give fowl pox vaccine at intra-dermal route in the wing web region

18. Miscellaneous Equipments
Beak trimmer
It is an electrical device used to cut a portion of beak in order to prevent cannibalism among birds.
Nest boxes
These are used to get clean eggs and to avoid floor eggs in layer or breeder houses.
Weighing balances
Different types of weighing balances are available to weigh birds or feed for record and marketing purposes.
Perches / Roost
This is a wooden device usually kept at a height of about 3-5’ from the floor in order to help the bird to stand over it.

19. Types of Poultry Houses According to Age
Brooder house 
Grower house
Layer house 
Broiler house
These must be separated for the better growth of the bird

20. Brooder House (0-8 weeks)
Normally, necessary for both broiler poultry farming and layer poultry farming. 
In a brooder house, the chick lives from the age of 0 to 8 weeks.
Advantage:
When required heat and  special care is required for better growth of the chicks. 

21. Grower House (9-20 weeks)
 Mostly for the hens which are raised mainly for Egg-Purpose.
In grower houses normally 9 to 20 weeks of age are reared to grow for the egg.
Advantages
keeps the bird safe, well growing and productive
More economical use of land.
Protection of birds from extreme climatic conditions.

22. Layer House (21-72 weeks)
Generally, 21 to 72 weeks of age hens manage under the layer house.
In layer, house hens can be rear form 2 types;
Deep litter system or floor system
Cage System

23. Deep litter system or floor system
Here, birds are reared on floors covered with litters egg straws or leaves up to depth of 8-12 inches
The floor system is used by small scale flock owner as well as by large scale flock owner
Advantages
Birds and eggs will be safe
Supply some of the food requirement
Lower worm infestation

24. Cage System
Rearing of poultry on raised wired netting floor in small compartments-cage
 Common methods for commercial layer farming on a large scale farm. 
Advantage 
you can maintain the record easily
culling the poor layers

25. Broiler house
In this house, which broilers are reared up to 6 weeks of age.
Advantages
Initial investment is lower than layer.
Rearing period is 5-6 weeks only.
More number of flocks can be taken in.
the same shed.
Broilers have high feed conversion.
Faster return from the investment.
Demand for poultry meat is more.

32. Site Selection of Poultry House
Site selection is a very important point to be considered before establishing a commercial poultry house.
The poultry housing or shelter should be constructed 2 to 3 kilometers far from the residential area.
Records of local wind speeds and direction must be studied to ensure the best orientation to take advantage of the prevailing wind. That means the house should face away from the direction of the prevailing winds and storms to avoid rain and wind drought.

33. Site Selection of Poultry House
Poultry sites should be planned to avoid obstructions of air movement by other buildings.
Houses should be on the ground high enough to provide drainage and should be protected against the danger of floods, i.e., they must be located on well-drained sites Also, a steady source of water and electricity should be considered.

34. Site Selection of Poultry House
The Poultry house must be placed at a well-drained area or elevated at some height. So that water should not come inside the house. There must be 24×7 availability of water and electricity.
Ventilation is one of the important parts of poultry housing. So, the house must be well ventilated for the cross-flow of fresh air in the house and provide oxygen to birds for the better growth and health aspects.
Easy availability of laborers at minimum wages.

35. Poultry House Construction
Roof – Cement- asbestos sheeting very satisfactory and durable is expensive, yet it is still recommended if the farmer has the capital. Conjugated iron and zinc sheets are useful, but the cost is lower than cement asbestos. You can ceil the house with zinc sheets.

36. Poultry House Construction
Doors – The door of the poultry house should be on the south and made of an angle iron frame covered with ½ inch mesh Wire netting. The size of the room must be always large enough to allow a man to conveniently pass through.
Windows – About 1-meter block work is recommended as the normal height and the remaining upper part of the wall would be walls to the pillar post.

37. Important Considerations for Poultry House Design
Protection- Good construction of poultry house protects the birds from the weather, predators, injury, and theft.
Poultry requires a dry and draft-free house.
Build the coop on high, well-drained areas.
If you are building a new facility, consider laying a concrete floor, and start the wall with 1 or 2 concrete blocks.

38. Easy Access to Feed and Water
Feeders and waters must be placed conveniently throughout the pen for birds’ access.
In poultry houses, small birds need 1 linear inch/bird of feeder and water space, and large birds require 2 to 3 linear inches/bird.

39. Source of Light
If you wish to produce eggs from your flock year-round, you should have a source for electric light.
. Small poultry houses do well with one light above the feeding and watering area.

40. Ventilation management
Ventilation in a poultry house supplies fresh air that is necessary to sustain life. Providing proper ventilation is very important in poultry house construction.
In commercial operations, minimum ventilation is practiced in colder climates, but not generally in tropical ones.

41. With older birds and in warmer temperatures, the incoming air is directed down towards the birds, and also helps to keep them cool. Then, evaporative cooling pads can be placed in the air inlets to keep birds cool in hot weather.
Tunnel ventilation is an effective ventilation system for large houses in hot weather. These ventilation systems are popular in hot climates.

42. Characteristics of a Good Poultry Housing System
Controlled access : Ease of movement will help in feeding , providing water and effective cleaning of the house .Also the movement of objects and birds from the house would be easier .
Comfortable bedding : Good poultry housing system must have comfortable bedding for the poultry birds . It should be safe for the eggs .If bedding is poor , eggs can easily get cracked and you incur losses .
Convenient to clean : Poultry housing design is easy and convenient to clean to minimize the death of birds .

43. Characteristics of Good Poultry Housing System
Easy egg collection : The way eggs are collected to prevent cracks and damages should be considered when building poultry housing .Then eggs must be collected in good condition and so cracked eggs are a loss to the business .
Good lighting and heating system : Good lighting and heating system is an important consideration in the poultry housing system .You want to provide adequate warmth for the birds for good health . In poultry housing , good lighting and heating system is also very importanr

44. Advantage of Deep Litter System
Safety of birds: Birds on rage of even in a netted yard can be taken by wild animals ,flying birds etc . When enclosed in deep litter intensive pen which has strong wire netting or expanded metal ,the birds and the eggs are safe .
Litter as a source of food supply chain : It may come as surprise to learn that built up deep litter also supplies some of food requirements of the birds . They obtain “ Animal Protein Factor” from deep litter and some work indicates that this could learn that birds obtain sufficient of this to enable to suitable feed ration to be prepared with only a vegetable protein such as groundnut meal included in the feed . The level of vitamins such as riboflavin increases up to nearly three-fold .

45. Advantage of deep litter system
Labour saving : This is one of the really big features of deep litter usage .Cleaning out poultry pens daily or weekly means quite a lot of work . With correct conditions observed with well managed litter there is no need to clean a pen out for a whole year ; the only attention is the regular stirring and adding of some material is needed .
Hot weather safeguard : This is an important feature in a hot climate .The litter maintains its own constant temperature , so birds burrow into it when the air temperature is high and thereby cool themselves . Conversely , they can warm themselves in the same way when the weather is very cool . Accordingly , it is a valuable insulting agent .c

46. APPLICATION OF UV LIGHT ON POULTRY PRODUCTION

47. UV LIGHT Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation
wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm
Shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays
UVA ; pineal gland, circadian cycle
UVB ; bone mineralization ,skeletal health
UVC ; germicidal effect

48. BEHAVIOUR AND WELFARE
 Reduces stress and feather pecking in layer and broiler
Improved feather condition in  both
Improve walking ability in both
Detrimental effect (increased feather pecking in layer)

49. BODY GROWTH, SKELETAL HEALTH
Role in converting 7-DHC to Vit-D3 in the skin of the feet, comb, and wattles of layer and broiler
Could minimize the risk of skeletal disorders
Exposure 2-3 hours

50. EGG PRODUCTION;EGG QUALITY
Gonadotropin releasing hormone; ovulatory cycle
Positive impacts in 68-week-old laying hens where 2 or 3 h of exposure across 8 weeks increased egg production 

51. PROTECTION FROM VIRUSES
Protects from viral infections (viruses that are shed in urine and saliva)
Provision of UV light to poultry have positive effects on health

52. Enzyme Technology in Poultry Production

53. Enzymes:
ENZYMES are molecules of protein origin that serve as catalysts in biochemical reactions on specific substrates.
Two Types
Enzymes can be endogenous:
produced by the animal itself along the digestive tract.
Exogenous Enzymes:
The incorporation of these exogenous enzymes into broiler's diet could enhance the digestibility

54. Poultry feed Enzymes
Enzymes can be classified according to the substrate they react with.
In the case of exogenous enzymes, there are four distinct groups:
Carbohydrase: Enzymes related to the degradation of carbohydrates
Proteases: breaks down storage proteins binding starch within feed ingredients
Phytase: releasing some of the nondigestible phosphorus

55. NSP’s ENZYME ENZYME SUBSTRATES TARGET FEED STUFF
β-Glucanase
β-Glucan
Barely, oats and rye based diets
Amylase
Strach
High Starch cereal diets
Xylanase
Arabinoxylan
Rye, Barely and wheat
α- Galactosidase
oligosaccharides
Soybean and other legumes
phystase
Phytate
Many Different Diets
protease
Protein & ANF’s
Wheat By-Products, Legume
lipase
Fat
Animal and vegetables fats
The NSP’s digestibility is very low in poultry and a large amount is voided via the excreta.
The NSPs can bind large quantities of water and as a result, the fluid viscosity increases.
Increasing viscosity may cause
some problems in the small digestion of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.

56.   NSP’s ENZYME
Furthermore, the high viscosity of intestinal content increases the sticky dropping amounts.
These problems can be resolved by the addition of enzymes to poultry diets.
Since enzymes improve nutrient digestibility and utilization,
thereby mitigating the excreta output and lowering nutrient excretion,
particularly excess nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, and copper

58. THE BENEFICIAL ROLE OF EXOGENOUS ENZYMES:
Poultry industry is becoming increasingly receptive
use of exogenous enzymes supplementation.
can increase the nutritive value of feed ingredients and
diets as well as allow greater flexibility in diet formulation.