1. 4D PRINTING TECHNICAL SEMINAR Reg.no : 19PA5A0310
Presented by : Lanka Durga Chandra Sekhar
Reg.no : 19PA5A0310

2. CONTENTS 3D Printing How it works? Current state of Technology
Another Dimension: 4D
4D Printing
Difference between 3D & 4D
Current state of Technology
Applications
Conclusion
Future scope

3. What is 3D printing?
3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file.
The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes.
In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the entire object is created.

4. How it works? A virtual design of the object is created.
CAD (Computer Aided Design) uses a 3D modelling program or 3D scanner for virtual design.
The software slices the final model into hundreds or thousands of horizontal layers.
The printer creates the object layer by layer, resulting in one three dimensional object.

5. What is the 4th Dimension?
"We're proposing that the fourth dimension is Time and that over time static objects will transform and adapt."
"The rigid material becomes a structure and the other layer is the force that can start bending and twisting it. Imagine water pipes that can expand to cope with different capacities or flows and save digging up the street." – Skylar Tibbits.

6. 4D printing
uses the same techniques of 3D printing through computer-programmed deposition of material in successive layers to create a three-dimensional object.
However, in 4D printing, the resulting 3D shape is able to morph into different forms in response to environmental stimulus, with the 4th dimension being the time-dependent shape change after the printing.
It is therefore a type of programmable matter where in after the fabrication process, the printed product reacts with parameters within the environment (humidity, temperature, voltage, etc.) and changes its form accordingly

7. How it works?
A single print, with multi-material features, can transform from any 1D strand into 3D shape, 2D surface into 3D shape or from one 3D shape into another.
Allows the researchers to program different material properties into each of the various particles of the designed geometry and harnesses the different water-absorbing properties of the materials to activate the self-assembly process.
With water as its activation energy, this technique promises new possibilities for embedding programmability and simple decision making into non-electronic based materials. (Imagine robotics-like behaviour without the reliance on complex electromechanical devices).

8. Overview of 4D object:
Some materials change physical property upon energy input.
Materials expand upon heat.
Materials bend upon on electrical energy.
Natural energy source such as heat, pressure, etc.
Controlled energy source such as current, electromagnetic wave, etc.
Arrange transformative material in precise angle & position.
3D printer.

11. Difference between 3D & 4D
4d printing has nothing to do with a fourth dimension. The big difference between 3d and 4d is that a 4d printer produces products which are able to adjust themselves according to their surroundings.
So the difference is after the product is printed. For example, when a product is printed and when it comes in contact with for example water, it reshapes itself. The products will be able to reshape themselves in a pre- recorded shape.
The 4-D printer creates a strand of multiple materials and that strand becomes whatever we want it to.

12. Current state of Technology
4D printing is a novel advancement to 3D printing technology.
4D printing is focused on developing materials and newer printing techniques that could reduce the time taken for assembly of parts, in turn improving the overall efficiency of the manufacturing process.
Parts manufactured using this novel technology would employ different types of SMART materials.

13. Applications

14. Conclusion
4D printing technology increase the capability to produce complex parts and products for different industrial sectors
Eg: Aerospace, defense, automotive, healthcare, infrastructure, manufacturing, packing, etc.
The most obvious advantage of 4D printing is that through computational folding, objects larger than printers can be printed as only one part. Since the 4D printed objects can change shape, can shrink and unfold, objects that are too large to fit a printer can be compressed for 3D printing into their secondary form.

15. Future Scope
Although not commercially available, self-assembly is just a beginning of a whole innovative world of manufacturing with minimum energy. As environmental, economic, human and other constraints continue to fluctuate, we will eventually need dynamic systems that can respond with ease and agility.
4D Printing is the first of its kind to offer this exciting capability. This is truly a radical shift in our understanding of structures, which have up to this point, remained static and rigid (think aerospace, automotive, building industries etc) and will soon be dynamic, adaptable and tunable for on-demand performance.

16. Thank You