1.  Welcome to Industrial Biotechnology 1 Temu@Tse

2. Unit1;Introducion to Industrial Biotechnology 2 Temu@Tse

3.  Define these terms and differentiate them based on their scopes. 3  Industrial biotechnology  Microbial biotechnology  Industrial microbiology  Food microbiology  Medical microbiology Temu@Tse

4. I ndustrial microbiology and biotechnology both involve 4  The Use of microorganisms to achieve specific goals, whether  Creating new products with monetary value or  Improving the environment  Industrial microbiology, as it has traditionally developed, focuses on products such as :  Pharmaceutical and medical  Compounds (antibiotics, hormones, transformed steroids), solvents  Organic acids, chemical feed stocks, amino acids, and enzymes  The microorganisms employed by industry have been isolated from nature, and in many cases, were modified using classic mutation- selection procedures. Temu@Tse

5. Industrial biotechnology  It is characterized by the modification of Mos through the use of molecular biology. It Including the use of Recombinant DNA technology Manipulate genetic information and design products such as proteins. Modify microbial gen expression. Genetic information can be transferred between markedly different groups of organisms, such as between bacteria and plants. Temu@Tse

6. Microbial Biotechnology: 6  Thisfocusonimprovedvaccinesandbetterdisease- diagnostictools,imp  rovedmicrobialagentsfor biological control of plant and animal pests,  Modifications of plant and animal pathogens for reduced virulence, development of new industrial catalysts and fermentation organisms,  Development bioremediation ofnewmicrobial ofsoilandwater contaminated agentsfor by agricultural runoff. Temu@Tse

7.  Modern industrial microbiology/Biotechnology organization includes the following experts: 7  Chemical or production engineers  Biochemists  Biotechnologist/Microbiologist  Economists  lawyers  Accountant  marketing experts, and other high-level functionaries.  They all cooperate to achieve the purpose generation of profit or wealth. Multi-disciplinary or Team-work Nature of Industrial Biotechnology Temu@Tse

8. The Biotechnologist/microbiologist has a central and key role in Microbial/Industrial Biotechnology organization. Some of his functions include: a.The selection of the organism to be used in the processes; b.The choice of the medium of growth of the organism; c. The determination of the environmental conditions for the organism ‟ s optimum productivity i.e., pH, temperature, aeration, d.During the actual production the microbiologist must monitor the process for the absence of contaminants, and participate in quality control to ensure uniformity of quality in the products; e. The proper custody of the organisms usually in a culture collection, so that their desirable properties are retained; f.The improvement of the performance of the microorganisms by genetic manipulation or by medium reconstitution. 8 Temu@Tse

9. Free Communication of Procedures in Industrial Biotechnology/Microbiology  Many procedures employed in industrial microbiology/Biotechnology do not become public property.  The reason for the secrecy is obvious and is designed to keep the owner of the secret one step ahead of his/her competitors. 9 Temu@Tse

10.  All over the world, governments set up patent or intellectual property laws, which have two aims.  First, they are intended to induce an inventor to disclose something of his/her invention. 10  Second, patents ensure that an invention is not exploited without some reward to the inventor for his/her innovation.  Anyone wishing to use a patented invention would have to pay the patentee for its use. Patents and Intellectual property rights in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology Temu@Tse

11. Patent laws an invention is patentable: ifitisnew,resultsfrominventiveactivityandiscapableof industrial application If it constitutes an improvement upon a patented invention, and is capable of industrial application. 11 Temu@Tse

12. The current US law specifically defines biotechnological inventions and their patentability as follows:  (A) a process of genetically altering or otherwise inducing a single- or multi-celled  (B) cell fusion procedures yielding a cell line that expresses a specific protein, such as a monoclonal antibody; and  (C) a method of using a product produced by a process defined by subparagraph (A) or (B), or a combination of subparagraphs (A) and (B).” In conclusion when all necessary considerations have been taken into account and it is decided to patent an invention. 12 Temu@Tse

13.  Patents cannot be validly obtained in respect of: 13  a. plant or animal varieties, or essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals (other than microbiologic  al processes and their products), or  b. inventions, the publication or exploitation of which would be contrary to public order or morality (it being understood for the purposes of this paragraph that the exploitation of an invention is not contrary to public order or morality merely because its exploitation is prohibited by law). Temu@Tse

14.  First, microorganisms by  themselves are not patentable, being ‘products of nature’ and ‘living things  Second, a new organism produced by genetic engineering constitutes a ‘manufacture’ or ‘composition of matter  Third, the patenting of a microbiological process 14 places on the patentee the obligation of depositing the culture in a recognized culture collection The Appeals Court and other patents highlights a number of points about the patentability of microorganisms Temu@Tse

15. Assignment:1 1.List some common Microorganisms used in Industrial microbiology / Biotechnology with their roles and examples of their products(2pts). 2.Discuss source and screeningmethod MOS for Industrial Biotechnology(3pts). 3.Write all possible preservation methods of Microorganisms used in Industrial Biotechnology(3pts). 4.Why Microorganisms have advantages over plants or animals as inputs in biotechnology(2pts) 15 Temu@Tse

16. 1.The organism must be able to grow in a simple medium 2.The organism should be able to grow vigorously and rapidly in the medium in use. 3.Should also produce the desired materials 4.Its end products should not include toxic 5.Have a reasonable genetic, and hence physiological stability 6.The organism should lend itself to a suitable method of product harvest at the end of the fermentation. 16 Characteristics Microbes used in Industrial Biotechnology Temu@Tse

17. 6.Physiological requirements which protect them against competition from contaminants should be used. 7.The organism should be reasonably resistant to predators such as Bdellovibrio spp. 8.Where practicable the organism should not be too highly demanding of oxygen as Aeration 9.Lastly, the organism should be fairly easily amenable to genetic manipulation to enable the establishment of strains with more acceptable properties. 17 Temu@Tse

18. Choosing Microorganisms for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology  Biotechnology are challenging tasks that require a solid understanding of microorganism growth and manipulation.  It is necessary first to identify or create a microorganism that carries out the desired process in the efficient manner.  This microorganism then is used, either in a controlled environment such as a fermenter or in complex systems such as in soils or waters to achieve specific goals. 18 Temu@Tse

19. Finding Microorganisms in Nature 19  The major sources of microbial cultures for use in industrial Biotechnology/Microbiology were natural materials such as:  soil samples,  waters, and spoiled bread and fruit.  Cultures from all areas of the world were examined in an attempt to identify strains with desirable characteristics.  Interest in “hunting” for new microorganisms continues unabated. Temu@Tse

20. Genetic Manipulation of Microorganisms  Genetic manipulations are used to produce microorganisms with new and desirable characteristics.  The classical methods of microbial genetics play a vital role in the development of cultures for industrial microbiology. a)Mutation  Once a promising culture is found, a variety of techniques can be used for culture improvement, including chemical mutagens and ultraviolet light.  In 1943 a strain of Penicillium chrysogenum was isolated-strain NRRL 1951—which was further improved through mutation.  Today most penicillin is produced with Penicillium chrysogenum, grown in aerobic stirred fermenters.  Theygives 55-fold higher penicillin yields than the original static cultures. 20 Temu@Tse

21. How Mutation increase productivity 21 Temu@Tse

22. b)Protoplast fusion is widely used with yeasts and molds.  Most of these microorganisms are asexual or of a single mating type.  Thisdecreases the chance of random mutations that could lead to strain degeneration.  The protoplasts are then regenerated using osmotic stabilizers such as sucrose.  If fusion occurs to form hybrids, desired recombinants are identified by means of selective plating techniques.  After regeneration of the cell wall, the new protoplasm fusion product can be used in further studies. 22 Temu@Tse

23.  A major advantage of the protoplast fusion technique is that protoplasts of different microbial species can be fused, even if they are not closely linked taxonomically.  For example, protoplasts of Penicillium roquefortii have been fused with those of P. chrysogenum. 23 Temu@Tse

24. c)Insertion of Short DNA Sequences  Short lengths of chemically synthesized DNA sequences can be inserted into recipient microorganisms by the process of site directed mutagenesis.  This can create small genetic alterations leading to a change of one or several amino acids in the target protein.  Such minor amino acid changes have been found to lead, in many cases, to unexpected changes in protein characteristics, and have resulted in new products such as more environmentally resistant enzymes and enzymes that can catalyze desired reactions.  These approaches are part of the field of protein engineering. 24 Temu@Tse

25.  New alternatives have arisen through the transfer of nucleic acids between different organisms,  This is part of the rapidly developing field of combinatorial biology  This involves the transfer of genes for the synthesis of a specific product from one organism into another,  It giving the recipient varied capabilities such as an increased capacity to carry out hydrocarbon degradation. 25 Temu@Tse

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27.  It also is possible to modify gene regulation by changing gene transcription, fusing proteins, creating hybrid promoters, and removing feedback regulation controls.  These approaches make it possible to overproduce a wide variety of products,  As a further example, genes for the synthesis of the antibiotic actinorhodin have been transferred into strains producing another antibiotic, resulting in the production of two antibiotics by the same cell.  This approach of modifying gene expression also can be used to intentionally alter metabolic pathways by inactivationorderegulationofspecificgenes,whichis the field of pathway architecture. 28 d) Modification of Gene Expression Temu@Tse

28. Alternative routes can be used to add three functional groups to a molecule.  Understanding pathway architecture makes it possible to design a pathway that will be most efficient by avoiding slower or energetically more costly routes.  This approach has been used to improve penicillin production by metabolic pathway engineering (MPE). 28 Temu@Tse

29. How Metabolic path way Engineering increase productivity 29 Temu@Tse