1. 1. The Art of Defining 2. Concept Paper

2. Define these terms: Academic writing Communication Computer Love

4. DEFINITION Definition is a mode of paragraph development that answers the questions: What is it? What does it mean? What are its special features? The word to be defined may be an object, a concept, a person, a place or a phenomenon.

5. DEFINITION Central to developing concept papers is writing definitions – used to provide the meaning of a particular word or term. Definitions may be formal or extended.

6. FORMAL DEFINITION Formal sentence definitions include term (specie), class (genus), and distinguishing features (differentia). Example: A bicycle is a mode of transport that has two wheels and is powered through the pedaling effort of the rider.

7. Extended definition is needed to define abstract concepts. It allows to broaden definition by using analogy, metaphors, comparison and contrasts, descriptions, analysis, functions, etymology and semantic origin. EXTENDED DEFINITION

8. Below is a sample definition of democracy. Notice how the formal definition is first used and expanded with the use of the different techniques of defining. (1) “Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally – either directly or through elected representatives – in the proposal, development and creation of laws.” (Formal Definition) EXTENDED DEFINITION

9. (2) It encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self- determination. (Definition by analysis) (3) The term originates from the Greek dēmokratia “rule of the people in which was coined from demos ‘people’ and kratos “power” or “rule” in the 5 th century BCE to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens. (Definition by etymology) Techniques in defining

10. (4) The term is an antonym of aristokratia, “rule of elite.” (Definition by contrast) (5) The political system if Classical Athens, for example, granted democratic citizenship to an elite class of free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation. (Definition by example) Techniques in defining

11. Other techniques of defining include definition by synonym (using similar word or phrase to define a word); definition by function (stating what the term is for); definition by analogy (comparing the term to another object/concept/idea that shares the same characteristic as the term being defined); definition by comparison and contrast; definition by negation (defining the term by stating what it is not). Other techniques of defining

12. EXTENDED DEFINITION Extended definitions are essay length texts that use different rhetorical patterns to show the meaning of a particular term or concept. Usually, they also describe, compare and contrast, and show cause- and-effect relationships.

13. EXTENDED DEFINITION Compassion is the ability to understand another person's misfortunes. It is kindness, tenderness, mercy, pity, and sympathy. A nurse may have compassion for an irritable patient by understanding that the illness may be the cause of that patient's behavior and by treating that patient with kindness and sympathy. An airline stewardess displays compassion for her passenger", by considering the fact that they may be nervous about flying and by answering their questions in a patient, sympathetic manner. In the same way, a judge may have compassion for a Juvenile offender by taking his age into consideration and setting the punishment accordingly. Compassion is not merely a verbal expression of sorrow. It is not begrudgingly contributing money to charitable causes out of a sense of duty. Compassion is putting yourself in another person's situation and treating that person the way you would want to be treated (Source: Donald et al. 1978:200).

14. DEFINING CONCEPT PAPER

15. CONCEPT PAPER A concept paper is an academic written discourse that explains a concept, often about something that the writer is thoroughly familiar with and passionate about. Usually, a concept paper is the preliminary part of an academic research, written to obtain permission to undertake the research project or to obtain funding for it.

16. CONCEPT PAPER Concept papers are summaries of projects or issues that reflect the interests, experience and expertise of the writer or organization. Concept papers generally serve the purpose of providing in-depth discussion of a topic that the writer has a strong position on, usually with the intent of obtaining funding for that project from donors.

17. CONCEPT PAPER FORMAT Cover Page Introduction Purpose Project Description Goals and Objectives/Research Questions Methodology and Timelines Benefits/Anticipated Outcomes Support Needed & Costs Contact Information References

18. WRITNG CONCEPT PAPERS The first section (INTRODUCTION) should include some information about the funding agency. You need to demonstrate that you have done your homework and understand the mission of the funding agency and the types of projects that they support. Then you need to identify the agency you represent and how the missions of your agency and the funding agency mesh. Describe any partner agencies that will be involved and their interest in the project.

23. WRITNG CONCEPT PAPERS Next describe the question that needs to be addressed (PURPOSE). Briefly provide supporting documentation for the importance of addressing this question, problem or need. If you have statistical data, use it; numbers are always convincing. In short, indicate why anyone should care! This may sound harsh, but when you are close to a particular issue, it is easy to forget that everyone does not understand the situation as well as you.

24. Example It is estimated that more than 5 billion people have access to mobile phone devices and that out of this figure about a third of the population is based in local areas. Further, the village-based businesses do not have immediately access to the physical money banking system as they are located kilometers away. Porter (2011) notes that in order for businesses to achieve and sustain superior performance, they must be able to implement systems that are competitively superior. Budree and Williams (2013, September) and Namada (2018) established that the areas with large number of low-income earners experienced low uptake technological advancements and businesses in these locations are not keen on leveraging on technology. The concept will therefore be intended to identify the salient factors that local businesses can apply in leveraging on mobile payment methods to gain competitive advantage.

25. WRITNG CONCEPT PAPERS Next describe your project: what your agency plans to do, why this is a unique approach, and who will benefit (PROJECT DESCRIPTION). Briefly describe your basic goal/s and objectives or state your research questions. A goal is statement describing a broad or abstract intent, state or condition. An objective is a statement of measurable outcomes that relate to the goal.

26. WRITNG CONCEPT PAPERS Give an overview of your METHODOLOGY-- how the project will be carried out--and any innovative approaches, techniques, or processes that will be used. Make sure that the goals, objectives, and methods relate to each other. Include general timelines for what you hope to accomplish. Describe the anticipated benefits and who will benefit.

32. WRITNG TIPS Try to be brief, concise, and clear. Concept papers should not be longer than five pages. Don’t overwhelm the reader with detail, and avoid sounding vague or unsure about what you want to accomplish. Be positive and definite. Instead of saying an objective “may be accomplished,” indicate that the objective “will be accomplished” by a certain time.

33. WRITNG TIPS Consider your audience. If your concept paper is going to be reviewed by scientists in your field, scientific terms and technical jargon may be acceptable. However, if your proposal is being reviewed by generalists or lay persons, this type of language will not communicate your ideas effectively. Only include budgetary information if it is specifically requested (Support). Generally describe the types of support you need, e.g, personnel, travel, equipment, etc.

34. WRITNG TIPS Finally, appearance is important. This concept paper represents you! The type size should be large enough to read easily, and margins should be standard size. Check for spelling errors before submission. Attention to detail is important. Number all pages. Place your name and date in the header. Include your contact information with the concept paper (Contact).

35. CONCEPT PAPER FORMAT Cover Page Introduction Purpose Project Description Goals and Objectives/Research Questions Methodology and Timelines Benefits/Anticipated Outcomes Support Needed & Costs Contact Information References

36. OPTIONS Formal Definition Definition by analysis Definition by example Definition by etymology Definition by function Definition by comparison Definition by synonym Definition by negation/contrast Definition by analogy

38. Short Quiz Identify the technique used in defining the following. 1.Semantics is the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. 2.Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms 3.Arbitration is a legal process in which the opposite sides in a dispute agree to abide by the settlement decision of a third party.

39. Short Quiz Identify the technique used in defining the following. 4.In an arbitration proceeding, no lawyers are present. 5.As with lawsuits or other court proceedings, the decision in an arbitration proceeding is legally binding on the parties. 6.An arbiter is like a referee–he or she listens to both sides and makes a decision as to who is at fault, without the intervention of outside parties.

40. Short Quiz Identify the technique used in defining the following. 7.Arbitration was recently used to settle the dispute between the labor union and management. 8.Influenza is an acute highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract which occurs sporadically or in epidermis and lasts up to a month 9.Communication derives from 'communicare', which means to share. 10.The main job of mitochondria is to perform cellular respiration. This means it takes in nutrients from the cell, breaks it down, and turns it into energy.

41. 11-15 Give 2 examples of formal definition and 3 examples of extended definition