1. Literature : Historical perspectives ( Focus Period: 1880–1920) PRESENTED BY MRS. REHAB AIOUTI

2. Focus Period: 1880–1920 Bright Horizons, Challenging Realities The decades framing the turn of the century saw America expand across the continent and become an empire. Americans celebrated their country’s strengths and looked for solutions to new problems.

3. Quotation 1 : a sense of place is created through the words. Zitkala believes that a young child experienced nothing in this world but toddling around the natural gardens will have a strong faith of nature and God represented the twittering birds, rippling waters, and the breathing flowers. Seth Low believes that living in a city creates a sense of commitment. You are not a lone in this large human brotherhood. You and other men are so dependent on each other. Bess Streeter believes that some people feel comfort and happy by owning large pieces of lands Others are happier. Living on smaller lands but enjoying the voices of the universe.

4. The effect of the explosion of railroads in America Why did the Federal government issue the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 ?

5. What was the main cause of the Indian Wars ? What were the effects of the 2 nd Industrial revolution ?

6. "Robber baron "Robber baron" is a derogatory term of social criticism originally applied to certain wealthy and powerful 19th-century American businessmen. The term appeared as early as the August 1870 issue of The Atlantic Monthly magazine. By the late 1800s, the term was typically applied to businessmen who used exploitative practices to amass their wealth. These practices included exerting control over natural resources, influencing high levels of government, paying subsistence wages, squashing competition by acquiring their competitors to create monopolies and raise prices, and schemes to sell stock at inflated prices to unsuspecting investors. The term combines the sense of criminal ("robber") and illegitimate aristocracy (a baron is an illegitimate role in a republic). Why did Mark Twain call the late 19t h century the “gilded age “ ? How did the government face the monopolies ?

7. Summarize the paragraph titled “Rise of Jim Crow “.

8. The immigrant population of these cities was highest in the two census years 1880 and 1890. The immigrant population of San Francisco most likely declined after 1880 because of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. The ruling prohibited Chinese citizens from relocating to America, and Congress continued to renew the law.

9. Why did slums develop with the increasing urbanization ? The rapid rural to urban migration, high unemployment, poverty

10. How did the units help the workers ? The meaning of imperialism and American example of it a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

11. What led America to be involved in the Great War ?