1. FRUITS Fruit is a mature or ripened ovary.

2. Pericarp may be thin or thick

3. SIMPLE FRUIT Single monocarpellary syncarpous pistil AGGREGATE FRUIT Multicarpellary apocarpous pistil Each free carpel develops into fruitlets and the fruitlets of the whole flower develops into a single fruit Eg: Annona, Polyalthia MULTIPLE FRUIT Complete inflorescence Ovary of each flower develops to a fruit All the fruits thus formed fuse together to form a multiple fruit Eg: Jack fruit, Pine apple

4. SIMPLE FRUITS

5. SIMPLE FRUITS: FLESHY FRUITS These fruits may be divided into the following categories. 1.BERRY (BACCA) 2.DRUPE 3.PEPO 4.POME 5.HESPERIDIUM 6.BALAUSTA 7.AMPHISARCA 1. BERRY (BACCA) Fruits develop from mono or multicarpellary syncarpous ovary. Ovary may be superior or inferior Placentation is axile or parietal. Examples: Tomato, Banana, Brinjal, Papaya etc. EPICARP/EXOCARP Thin skin of the fruit ENDOCARP May be thin or even absent

6. 2. DRUPE These fruit develops from mono or multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. Single seeded fleshy fruit In these fruits, endocarp is hard and stony so these fruits are also called stony fruits. Examples: Mango, cherry, olive, coconut, peach and plum. Mango Hard Fleshy and fibrous Thin A fleshy drupe A fibrous drupe

7. 3. PEPO Specialized type of berry Develops from tricarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary. Parietal placentation. Epicarp – thick and leathery; Mesocarp + Endocarp - fleshy Fruits are fleshy and spongy Characteristic fruit of Cucurbitaceae family Examples: Watermelon (Citrullus), Cucumber (Cucumis)

8. 3. POME This fruit develops from bi or multicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary. The rind and fleshy pulp are made up of thalamus. i.e., the torus or thalamus become fleshy and forms the major part of the fruit. The actual or true fruit is embedded in the fleshy thalamus. Hence, this is an example of false fruit. Examples: Apple and Pear False fruit: Fleshy edible part is developed from the fleshy receptacle (thalamus) of a syncarpous, inferior ovary and not from the ovary

9. 5. HESPERIDIUM This fruit develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. Epicarp is made up of thick rind which is leathery and many oil glands are found in it. Mesocarp is white fibrous structure which is attached with epicarp. Membranous endocarp projects inward and form many chambers. Many glandular hairs are present on the inner side of endocarp. These glandular hairs are only edible parts. Examples: This fruit is specially found in plants of Rutaceae family. Eg: Orange, Lemon, Citrus fruit. 6. BALAUSTA Example: Pomegranate 7. AMPHISARCA Example: Elephant apple (Feronia elephantum)

11. SIMPLE FRUITS: DRY FRUITS

12. A) DRY DEHISCENT FRUITS (Split Open At Maturity) These fruits develop from monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary. It is generally long and multi-seeded fruit. Dehiscence of fruit occurs at both sutures i.e. Dorsal and ventral side. Example: Pea (Pisum sativum) (Characteristic fruit of Leguminosae) 1. LEGUME (One carpel that splits along two)

13. 2. FOLLICLE (One carpel that splits along one seam) Calotropis Also, multi-seeded fruit which develops from superior unilocular, monocarpellary ovary. Dehiscence of it occur only at ventral suture. Example: Calotropis, Asclepias, Rauwolfia, Vinca, Michelia (Champa), Delphinium

14. 3. SILIQUA (Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing septum) This fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous superior ovary with parietal placentation. Dehiscence occurs at both dorsal and ventral suture and starts from lower part and proceeds upward. Due to formation of false septum ovary become bilocular. On false septum, seeds are attached, This type of fruit is found in Cruciferae family. Example: Mustard.

15. 4. CAPSULE Derived from multicarpellary syncarpous and superior ovary. (sometimes inferior ovary also) Multilocular with many seeds in each locule. Loculicidal capsule Pericarp (fruit wall) splits longitudinally in the middle of each locule or chamber Eg: Lady’s finger, Cotton Septicidal capsule Dehisces by longitudinal splitting through the middle septum. Eg: Aristolochia Septifragral cpsule Pericarp or fruit wall breaks away from the septa Eg: Datura Porous capsule Numerous holes on the top of the fruit and seeds escape through these pores. Eg: Poppy

16. B) DRY INDEHISCENT FRUITS [Do Not Split Open At Maturity] 1.ACHENE It is a small fruit containing a single seed. Developed from a monocarpellary superior ovary. Pericarp is dry, membranous and free from seed coat Eg: Achene is the typical fruit of the sunflower family (Asteraceae) 2. CARYOPSIS (GRAIN) These are small, single seeded dry fruits. It develop from monocarpellary, superior ovary. It is an achene in which the pericarp of the fruit is fused with the seed coat. Characteristic of family Graminae Eg: Paddy, wheat etc.

17. 3. CYPSELA Cypsela is a single-seeded, unilocular, indehiscent dry fruit. Developed from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. Its pericarp is free from the seed coat. Charactersitic of Compositae family, where the fruit is surrounded by hairs derived from the calyx (the pappus). Traditionally considered a pseudocarp. Eg: Sunflower, Tridax 4. NUT Hard, usually single seeded indehiscent fruit. Derived from a syncarpous ovary. The single seed lies within the fruit wall. It forms from more than one carpel but only one seed develops, the rest get aborted. Eg: Cashew nut Nut is the small fruit on the fleshy, swollen peduncle. The fleshy thalamus is also edible, popularly known as the fruit. But it is a pseudocarp or false fruit. Fleshy peduncle – juicy edible portion – false fruit or pseudo fruit

18. 5. SAMARA It is simply a winged achene. It is a dry indehiscent fruit in which the pericarp (fruit wall) develops wing-like expansions which serves for the dispersal of the fruit by wind. Eg: Maple, Pterocarpus, Gyrocarpus, Hopea 6. UTRICLE It is an indehiscent, bladder-like, dry fruit Modified form of achene. Small seed occupies only a portion of the fruit. Eg: Some members of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae.

19. C: DRY SCHIZOCARPIC FRUITS (bi-or multilocular-fruit, splits into one-seed indehiscent parts) A Schizocarp is a dry fruit that, when mature, splits up into single seeded units or segments. Any dry fruit composed of multiple carpels that separate. Produced from syncarpous gynoecium. 1.MERICARP A carpel with one seed. Single-seeded segment of a fruit that breaks at maturity. Dehiscent or Indehiscent. Eg: Members of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family 2. CREMOCARP Bilocular, two-seeded schizocarp Developed from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. At maturity, it splits into 2 single seeded and unilocular units. Eg: Members of Umbelliferae family (Coriander, Cumin, Fennel)

20. 3. LOMENTUM Dry schizocarp Developed from monocarpellary, superior ovary that has one or more seeds. Fruits are constricted or divided in one seeded mericarp, after maturity these are separated with each other. Eg: Ground nut (Arachis hypogea), Tamarind, Cassia fistula, Mimosa pudica, Desmodium Tamarind 4. CARCERULUS It is a dry fruit which develops from multi carpellary or bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. At maturity, it splits into several single seeded segments or mericarps. Eg: Characteristic of Lamiaceae family Tulsi (Ocimum) Four one seeded locules

21. AGGREGATE FRUITS Aggregate fruits develop from several ovaries of free carpels in the same flower. i.e., formed from an apocarpous pistil of a single flower. An individual ovary develops into a drupe, achene, follicle or berry. An aggregate of these fruits borne by a single flower is known as an etaerio. The aggregrate fruits are of the following types. 1.Etaerio of drupes 2.Etaerio of achenes 3.Etaerio of follicles 4.Etaerio of berries Aggregate of berries / Etaerio of berries Eg: Artabotrys

22. Etaerio of follicles An aggregrate of follicles Eg. Michelia, Magnolia Etaerio of berries An aggregate of berries. Eg. Custard apple (Annona squamosa) Etaerio of drupes : An aggregrate of drupes. Eg. Raspberry Etaerio of achenes An aggregrate of achenes. Eg. Strawberry

23. MULTIPLE OR COMPOSITE FRUITS A multiple or composite fruit develops from an entire inflorescence where flowers are crowded together and often fused with one another. Therefore, it is a massive, fleshy, compound fruit. They are of the following types: 1. Syconus 2. Sorosis 3. Coenocarpium 1. SYCONUS It develops from hypanthodium inflorescence. It has a hollow or cup-shaped fleshy receptacle. Eg: Ficus (Fig)

24. 2. SOROSIS A fleshy multiple fruit which develop from a spike, spadix or catkin inflorescence. Eg: Jack fruit (Artocarpus), Mulberry (Morus). Example: Jack fruit (Artocarpus) Inflorescence is unisexual. Female spike develops into the fruit. There is a long central axis, known as floral axis or peduncle. The sweet edible portions are the flakes, representing the perianth of the flowers which are thick succulent. Between the edible flakes, there are numerous flat, elongated, whitish structures which are not edible. These are the sterile or unfertilized or undeveloped flowers. Inside the edible portion, there is membranous bag containing a big seed. The bag represents the pericarp.

25. 3. COENOCARPIUM It is a collective fruit formed from the ovaries, floral parts and receptacles of many flowers. Eg: Pine apple Example: Pine apple The inflorescence axis becomes fleshy and all the flowers fuse together. The inflorescence axis continues to grow beyond the fruit and produces a few leaf-like bracts forming a crown on the fruit.

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