1. Definitions of literary terms (History of English Literature)
University of Okara 2nd Semester BS ENGLISH TESOL
BS-ENG-TESOL-A Section Define the terms: Stream of consciousness, Magical Realism, Imaginism, Symbolism, Anthropology, Paradox, Juxtaposition, Aesthetics and Psychoanalysis.
Prepared by Zia Hameed Instagram: z.i.a_95

2. Stream of consciousness
Definition: Stream of consciousness is a style or technique of writing that tries to capture the natural flow of a character's extended thought process, often by incorporating sensory impressions, incomplete ideas, unusual syntax, and rough grammar.
A literary style in which a character's thoughts, feelings, and reactions are depicted in a continuous flow uninterrupted by objective description or conventional dialogue.

3. A depiction of stream of consciousness

4. Some key details about stream of consciousness
Stream of consciousness writing is associated with the early 20th-century Modernist movement.
The term “stream of consciousness” originated in psychology before literary critics began using it to describe a narrative style that depicts how people think.
Stream of consciousness is used primarily in fiction and poetry, but the term has also been used to describe plays and films that attempt to visually represent a character's thoughts.

5. Example
James Joyce successfully employs the narrative mode in his novel Ulysses, which describes a day in the life of a middle-aged Jew, Mr. Leopold Broom, living in Dublin, Ireland. Read the following excerpt:
“He is young Leopold, as in a retrospective arrangement, a mirror within a mirror (hey, presto!), he beholdeth himself. That young figure of then is seen, precious manly, walking on a nipping morning from the old house in Clambrassil to the high school, his book satchel on him bandolier wise, and in it a goodly hunk of wheaten loaf, a mother’s thought.”
These lines reveal the thoughts of Bloom, as he thinks of the younger Bloom. The self-reflection is achieved by the flow of thoughts that takes him back to his past.

6. Magic Realism
Definition: A literary genre in which fantastical things are treated not just as possible, but also as realistic.
It is an approach to literature that weaves fantasy and myth into everyday life. What’s real? What’s imaginary? In the world of magical realism, the ordinary becomes extraordinary and the magical becomes commonplace.

7. Some facts about Magical Realism
It is also called Magic Realism. The term “magic realism” was first introduced by a German art critic, Franz Roh, who considered it an art classification.
Term evolved to apply to Latin American writers in the 1940s whose work “was a way to express the realistic American mentality and create an autonomous style of literature”.
In American and British literature, magical realism has been a popular genre since the 1960s, and has been an important branch of postmodernism.

8. Example (A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez)
“He had to go very close to see that it was an old man, a very old man, lying face down in the mud, who, in spite of his tremendous efforts, could not get up, impeded by his enormous wings.”
Scholars have identified elements of magical realism in Emily Brontë's passionate, haunted Heathcliff ("Wuthering Heights") and Franz Kafka’s unfortunate Gregor, who turns into a giant insect ("The Metamorphosis").

9. Imagism
Imagism: A poetic movement establish in 1912 by American and English poets Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle, Richard Aldington and F.S Flint. Imagery: “Clarity of expression through the use of precise verbal images.” Father of Imagism: Thomas Ernest Hulme (T.E Hulme)

10. Example#01
“The night was black as ever, but bright stars lit up the sky in beautiful and varied constellations which were sprinkled across the astronomical landscape.”

11. Example# 02 Imagist Poetry
so much depends upon
a red wheel barrow
glazed with rain water
beside the white chickens (William Carlos Williams)

12. Symbolism
Definition: Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. Example: For instance, “smile” is a symbol of friendship. Similarly, the action of someone smiling at you may stand as a symbol of the feeling of affection which that person has for you.

13. Examples (cont’d) The dove is a symbol of peace.
A red rose, or the color red, stands for love or romance.
Black is a symbol that represents evil or death.
A ladder may stand as a symbol for a connection between heaven and earth.
A broken mirror may symbolize separation.

14. Functions of Symbolism
Symbolism gives a writer freedom to add double levels of meanings to his work: a literal one that is self-evident, and the symbolic one whose meaning is far more profound than the literal.
Symbolism gives universality to the characters and the themes of a piece of literature.
Symbolism in literature evokes interest in readers as they find an opportunity to get an insight into the writer’s mind on how he views the world, and how he thinks of common objects and actions, having broader implications.

15. Anthropology
Definition: The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans.
Relationship with Literature: During the past century, literature has proven to be one of anthropology’s most enduring companions in thought. Systematic attempts to think across the various versions and implications of this relationship have been undertaken with greater frequency.

16. Paradox
Definition: A paradox is a statement that contradicts itself, or that must be both true and untrue at the same time. Paradoxes are quirks in logic that demonstrate how our thinking sometimes goes haywire, even when we use perfectly logical reasoning to get there.

17. Examples
Death, thou shalt die (John Donne) This is both a paradox and an irony.
This statement is a lie.
This is the most famous of all logical paradoxes, because it’s so simple. These five simple words are self-contradictory: if the statement is true, then it’s a lie, which means it’s not true. But if it’s not true, then it’s a lie, which makes it true.
I must be cruel only to be kind (Hamlet III.IV.181)
This is a nice literary paradox, but not a logical one. Cruel and kind are apparent contradictions

18. Juxtaposition
This literary device is used in the placement of two or more things side by side, often in order to bring out their differences.
Definition: Juxtaposition is a literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters, and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem, for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts

19. Example# 01
John Milton’s Paradise Lost is one of the narrative poems that can be used as an example of juxtaposition.
This well-crafted literary piece is clearly based on the juxtaposition of two characters: God and Satan. Frequently in the poem, the bad qualities of Satan and the good qualities of God are placed side-by-side, and the comparison made brings to the surface the contrast between the two characters.
The juxtaposition in this poem helps us to reach the conclusion that Satan deserved his expulsion from the paradise because of his unwillingness to submit to God’s will.

20. Example #02
All’s fair in love and war In this familiar adage, love and war, two opposite concepts, are placed beside one another. The juxtaposition of love and war serves to show that despite how different the two are, both are characterized by a lack of rules or guidelines.

21. Aesthetics
It is a set of principles underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement. It is also defined as the philosophical study of beauty and taste.
Definition in literature: Aesthetics, in literature, is the inclusion of references to artistic elements or expressions within a textual work. It's a method used to promote or educate readers about important artistic expression in society. Aesthetic concepts in literature are known to be very influential. It examines subjective and sensory-emotional values, or sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.

22. Example
There are aesthetic concepts within the poem 'Weary Blues'' by Langston Hughes ''Down on Lenox Avenue the other night By the pale dull pallor of an old gas light He did a lazy sway... He did a lazy sway... To the tune o' those Weary Blues. With his ebony hands on each ivory key He made that poor piano moan with melody. O Blues!'' In these first few lines, Hughes is using somber, melancholy imagery to provide the tone of the African American generation. This allows us to understand that the events in the poem reflect not just the writer's feelings, but the people collectively taking part in the Harlem Renaissance.

23. Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic methods which have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The primary assumption of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism was originally thought of by Sigmund Freud, and he wrote several important essays on literature

24. Some facts …
Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism was originally thought of by Sigmund Freud, and he wrote several important essays on literature.
One may psychoanalyze a particular character within a literary work, but it is usually assumed that all such characters are projections of the author's psyche.
In psychoanalysis criticism of a literary work, we analyze the psychology of the characters and the story and also its author’s life and thinking.

25. Examples
A good example of Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism could be "The Little Green Monster." by Haruki Murakami. Many questions linger after a certain reader reads the short story. "Why does the Little Green Monster come from the ground?" "Is there a connection between the young girl and the monster?" "What does the monster symbolize?" "Why did the author choose to make the monster little and green?"