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Computer Software and Languages
BCA First semester Unit IV Computer Fundamental Mrs. Poonam Yadav Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Topics to be cover What is Software System Software
Application Software Computer Languages Algorithm and Flowchart By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Software collection of a single or set of program instructions, to perform a particular well defined task. a program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem. software package is a group of programs that solve a specific problem or perform a specific type of zone By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Types of Software System software:
These are designed to control the operation and extend the processing capability of a computer system Application software: application software are used to solve a particular problem or to do a particular task By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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System Software It is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Features of System Software
Close to the system (hardware) Fast in speed Difficult to design Difficult to understand Less interactive Smaller in size Difficult to manipulate Generally written in low-level language By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Examples of System Software
operating system programming language translator like compiler, interpreters, assembler. utility program By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Application software are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment. It may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spread sheet package. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Features of application software
Close to the user Easy to design More interactive Slow in speed Generally written in high-level language Easy to understand Easy to manipulate and use Bigger in size and requires large storage space By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Examples of Application Software
Payroll Software Student Record Software Inventory Management Software Income Tax Software Railways Reservation Software Banking By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Relationship Diagram By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Operating System It is a system software
is a program that acts as an interface between the software and the computer hardware. used to manage overall resources and operations of the computer. controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the computer, including application programs and other system software. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Objectives of Operating System
To make the computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner. To manage the resources of a computer system. To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users. To provide users a interface to use the computer. To act as an interface between the hardware and its users To provide efficient sharing of resources among users and programs. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Characteristics Memory Management Processor Management
Device Management File Management Security Job Accounting Control System Performance Error-detecting Aids By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Top View Of Operating System
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Detailed View Of Operating System
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BIOS By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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BIOS Basic Input/Output System
Is is a ROM chip found on motherboards that allows you to access and set up your computer system at the most basic level. The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic computer hardware. test referred to as a POST (Power-On Self- Test) that helps verify the computer meets requirements to boot up properly. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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BIOS POST - Test the computer hardware and make sure no errors exist before loading the operating system. Bootstrap Loader - Locate the operating system. If a capable operating system is located, the BIOS will pass control to it. BIOS drivers - Low-level drivers that give the computer basic operational control over your computer's hardware. BIOS setup or CMOS setup - Configuration program that allows you to configure hardware settings including system settings such as computer passwords, time, and date. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Utility Program Application software that assist OS in carrying out certain specialized tasks are called utility software. executes a specific task, to optimal maintenance or operation of the system resources. utility functions such as formatting, compressing, scanning, exploring and much more. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Utility Software By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Examples of Utility Software
Antivirus: like boot virus, Trojan, worm, spyware, etc. File management tools: like Windows Explorer in Windows OS, Compression tools: WinRAR, PeaZip, The Unarchiver, etc. Disk Clean-up Disk Defragmenter Backup By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Computer Languages A computer languages are the languages by which a user command a computer to work on the algorithm which a user has written to get an output. A set of grammatical rules (syntax) for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. It designed to work for different applications in different environments. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behaviour of a computer and serve any purpose. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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There are two ways to do this:
need to convert your program into machine language so that the computer can understand it. There are two ways to do this: Compile the program Interpret the program By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Computer programming is the process of writing,
testing, debugging/troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. • This source code is written in a programming language like C++, JAVA, Perl etc. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Example Machine Language
High level language 5 FOR I=1 TO 1000: PRINT "A";: NEXT I By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Computer Language Generation
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Classification By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Level of Computer Languages
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Types By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Low Level Language It is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture. It consists of numeric codes i.e 0 & 1. These codes are easily understandable to computer but difficult to human. A lower level language is used in two generations of computer. first generation second generation By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Low Level Language First generation languages or 1GL
Represent the very early, primitive computer languages that consisted entirely of 1's and 0's the actual language that the computer understands (machine language). Second generation languages (2GL) Represent a step up from the first generation languages. Allow for the use of symbolic names instead of just numbers. known as assembly languages. Code written in an assembly language is converted into machine language (1GL). By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Assembler Code Machine code
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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CHARACTERSTICS Direct memory management
Little-to-no abstraction from the hardware Register access Statements usually have an obvious correspondence with clock cycles Superb performance By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Advantages Computational Speed is very fast.
Directly understandable by computer. Disadvantages Development of a program in machine language is very time consuming. Error correction is tedious process. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES It allow the specification of a problem solution in terms closer to those used by human beings. These languages were designed to make programming far easier, less error-prone and to remove the programmer from having to know the details of the internal structure of a particular computer. This language is used in third generation. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Types Third generation languages (3GL): With the languages introduced by, words and commands (instead of just symbols and numbers) were being used. These languages therefore, had syntax that was much easier to understand. Third generation languages are known as high level languages and include C, C++, Java, and Javascript etc. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Types Fourth Generation Languages : Fifth Generation Languages :
statements similar to statements in the human language. These are used mainly in database programming and scripting. Example of these languages include Perl, Python, Ruby, SQL, MatLab (MatrixLaboratory). Fifth Generation Languages : These are the programming languages that have visual tools to develop a program. Examples of fifth generation language include Mercury, OPS5, and Prolog. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Language Processor A language processor is a special type of a computer software that has the capacity of translator the source code or program codes into machine codes. The following are different types of language processors are: Compiler Assembler Interpreter By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Language Processor Compiler:
A compiler is a language processor which translate source code from high level language into binary machine code . Assembler: An assembler translates from a low level language to binary machine code. The assembler produces one machine instruction for each source instruction . The assemblers are generally used in assembling the source code or program code written in assembly language . Interpreter: An interpreter is different from compiler and assembler . It does not convert program into machine code format instead ot directs the CPU to obey each program statement . That means interpreter translate and executes each statement of instruction simultaneously. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Difference between Compiler and Interpreter
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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1. It works line by line; it takes one statement at a time as input.
Compiler Interpreter 1. It works on the complete program at it once. It takes entire program as input. 1. It works line by line; it takes one statement at a time as input. 2. It generate intermediate code called object code or machine code. 2. It does not generate any intermediate or object code. 3. It executes conditional statements and logical statements faster that interpreter. 3. Conditional statement takes more time to interpret. 4. Complied program takes more memory because it store object code in memory. 4. Interpreted program are more memory efficient. 5. Compile one and run any times. does not need compile many times. 5. Interpreted programs are interpreted line by line every time they run. 6. Error are reported after the entire program is checked. 6. error is reported as soon as the first error encountered. rest of the program will 7. difficult in debugging 7. Debugging is easy because interpreter stops and report error as it encountered. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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9. complied language is more efficient but difficult to debug
Compiler Interpreter 8. Compiler does not allow a program to run until it is completely error free. 8. It run the program form the first line and stop execution only when encountered error. 9. complied language is more efficient but difficult to debug 9. Less efficient but easy to debug 10. Example : c/c++ ,COBOL uses compilers. 10. Example: BASIC, Visual Basic, Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl MATLAB, Lisp By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Algorithm and Flowchart
A typical programming task can be divided into two phases: Problem solving phase produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution of problem this sequence of steps is called an algorithm Implementation phase implement the program in some programming language By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Algorithm an algorithm is the series of steps that must be executed to solve a problem. To make the program work properly the algorithm must be properly designed. The design of the algorithm also ensures the effective utilization of the computing resources, for example, CPU time, RAM. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Algorithm in Real Life Problem: Baking a Cake How to solve: • Start
• Preheat the oven at 180oC • Prepare a baking pan • Beat butter with sugar • Mix them with flour and essence vanilla • Pour the dough into the baking pan • Put the pan into the oven • End By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Advantages of algorithm
It is a step-wise representation of a solution to a given problem, which makes it easy to understand. An algorithm uses a definite procedure. It is not dependent on any programming language, so it is easy to understand for anyone even without programming knowledge. Every step in an algorithm has its own logical sequence so it is easy to debug. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Algorithm An algorithm must be specific enough so that it can be conveniently translated into a computer program (using C++, for example). An algorithm can be specified: Textually For example, using pseudo code Graphically For example, using flowcharts or UML activity charts By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Example Algorithm to find the sum of two numbers Step-1 Start
Step-2 Input first numbers say A Step-3 Input second number say B Step-4 SUM = A + B Step-5 Display SUM Step-6 Stop By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Pseudo code An outline of a program, written in a form that can easily be converted into real programming statements. It resembles the actual program that will be implemented later. However, it cannot be compiled nor executed. Pseudo code normally codes the following actions: Initialisation of variables Assignment of values to the variables Arithmetic operations Relational operations By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Calculating roots of quadratics equation
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Flowchart A flowchart is a blueprint that pictorially represents the algorithm and its steps. The steps of a flowchart do not have a specific size and shape rather it is designed in different shapes and sizes The first design of flowchart goes back to which was designed by John Von Neumann. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Advantages of flowchart:
Flowchart is an excellent way of communicating the logic of a program. Easy and efficient to analyse problem using flowchart. During program development cycle, the flowchart plays the role of a blueprint, which makes program development process easier. After successful development of a program, it needs continuous timely maintenance during the course of its operation. The flowchart makes program or system maintenance easier. It is easy to convert the flowchart into any programming language code. By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Basic Shapes By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Flowchart for addition of two numbers
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Flowchart for find the largest value
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Benefits of Flowchart Simplify the Logic Makes Communication Better
Effective Analysis Useful in Coding Proper Testing Applicable Documentation By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Difference between flowchart and algorithm
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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Algorithm is used only for Mathematical or Computer purposes.
S.No FlowChart Algorithm 1 It can use a FlowChart for many different types of Motive. For example, For Education, For Presentation, For Algorithm or Personal Use Algorithm is used only for Mathematical or Computer purposes. 2 In FlowChart the problem is society and solve through Graphical Representation. Algorithm is a process or steps to solve any Computer Programs, steps are written in it. 3 In FlowChart, we use diaphragms like Arrow, Square Box etc. Algorithm, we do Steps Define without using any type of diagram. 4 FlowChart is easier to create while creating Algorithm is tougher than FlowChart. 5 FlowChart we use Logic and Symbols. With Algorithm, we use the Specific Program Language to Solve the Programming Problem of any Type By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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End of unit Thank you By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai
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