1. Computer Software and Languages
BCA First semester
Unit IV Computer Fundamental
Mrs. Poonam Yadav
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science
SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

2. Topics to be cover What is Software System Software
Application Software
Computer Languages
Algorithm and Flowchart
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

3. Software
collection of a single or set of program instructions, to perform a particular well defined task.
a program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
software package is a group of programs that solve a specific problem or perform a specific type of zone
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

4. Types of Software System software:
These are designed to control the operation and extend the processing capability of a computer system
Application software:
application software are used to solve a particular problem or to do a particular task
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

5. System Software
It is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself.
System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

6. Features of System Software
Close to the system (hardware)
Fast in speed
Difficult to design
Difficult to understand
Less interactive
Smaller in size
Difficult to manipulate
Generally written in low-level language
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

7. Examples of System Software
operating system
programming language translator like compiler, interpreters, assembler.
utility program
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

8. Application software
are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment.
It may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing a simple text.
It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spread sheet package.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

9. Features of application software
Close to the user
Easy to design
More interactive
Slow in speed
Generally written in high-level language
Easy to understand
Easy to manipulate and use
Bigger in size and requires large storage space
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

10. Examples of Application Software
Payroll Software
Student Record Software
Inventory Management Software
Income Tax Software
Railways Reservation Software
Banking
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

11. Relationship Diagram
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

12. Operating System It is a system software
is a program that acts as an interface between the software and the computer hardware.
used to manage overall resources and operations of the computer.
controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the computer, including application programs and other system software.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

13. Objectives of Operating System
To make the computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner.
To manage the resources of a computer system.
To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users.
To provide users a interface to use the computer.
To act as an interface between the hardware and its users
To provide efficient sharing of resources among users and programs.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

14. Characteristics Memory Management Processor Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Job Accounting
Control System Performance
Error-detecting Aids
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

15. Top View Of Operating System
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

16. Detailed View Of Operating System
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

17. BIOS
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

18. BIOS Basic Input/Output System
Is is a ROM chip found on motherboards that allows you to access and set up your computer system at the most basic level.
The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic computer hardware.
test referred to as a POST (Power-On Self- Test) that helps verify the computer meets requirements to boot up properly.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

19. BIOS
POST - Test the computer hardware and make sure no errors exist before loading the operating system.
Bootstrap Loader - Locate the operating system. If a capable operating system is located, the BIOS will pass control to it.
BIOS drivers - Low-level drivers that give the computer basic operational control over your computer's hardware.
BIOS setup or CMOS setup - Configuration program that allows you to configure hardware settings including system settings such as computer passwords, time, and date.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

20. Utility Program
Application software that assist OS in carrying out certain specialized tasks are called utility software.
executes a specific task, to optimal maintenance or operation of the system resources.
utility functions such as formatting, compressing, scanning, exploring and much more.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

21. Utility Software
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

22. Examples of Utility Software
Antivirus: like boot virus, Trojan, worm, spyware, etc.
File management tools: like Windows Explorer in Windows OS,
Compression tools: WinRAR, PeaZip, The Unarchiver, etc.
Disk Clean-up
Disk Defragmenter
Backup
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

23. Computer Languages
A computer languages are the languages by which a user command a computer to work on the algorithm which a user has written to get an output.
A set of grammatical rules (syntax) for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.
It designed to work for different applications in different environments. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behaviour of a computer and serve any purpose.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

24. There are two ways to do this:
need to convert your program into machine language so that the computer can understand it.
There are two ways to do this:
Compile the program
Interpret the program
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

25. Computer programming is the process of writing,
testing, debugging/troubleshooting, and maintaining
the source code of computer programs.
• This source code is written in a programming
language like C++, JAVA, Perl etc.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

26. Example Machine Language
High level language
5 FOR I=1 TO 1000: PRINT "A";: NEXT I
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

27. Computer Language Generation
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

28. Classification
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

29. Level of Computer Languages
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

30. Types
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

31. Low Level Language
It is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture.
It consists of numeric codes i.e 0 & 1. These codes are easily understandable to computer but difficult to human.
A lower level language is used in two generations of computer.
first generation
second generation
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

32. Low Level Language First generation languages or 1GL
Represent the very early, primitive computer languages that consisted entirely of 1's and 0's
the actual language that the computer understands (machine language).
Second generation languages (2GL)
Represent a step up from the first generation languages. Allow for the use of symbolic names instead of just numbers.
known as assembly languages.
Code written in an assembly language is converted into machine language (1GL).
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

33. Assembler Code Machine code
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

34. CHARACTERSTICS Direct memory management
Little-to-no abstraction from the hardware
Register access
Statements usually have an obvious correspondence with clock cycles
Superb performance
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

35. Advantages Computational Speed is very fast.
Directly understandable by computer.
Disadvantages
Development of a program in machine language is very time consuming.
Error correction is tedious process.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

36. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
It allow the specification of a problem solution in terms closer to those used by human beings.
These languages were designed to make programming far easier, less error-prone and to remove the programmer from having to know the details of the internal structure of a particular computer.
This language is used in third generation.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

37. Types
Third generation languages (3GL): With the languages introduced by, words and commands (instead of just symbols and numbers) were being used.
These languages therefore, had syntax that was much easier to understand.
Third generation languages are known as high level languages and include C, C++, Java, and Javascript etc.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

38. Types Fourth Generation Languages : Fifth Generation Languages :
statements similar to statements in the human language.
These are used mainly in database programming and scripting.
Example of these languages include Perl, Python, Ruby, SQL, MatLab (MatrixLaboratory).
Fifth Generation Languages :
These are the programming languages that have visual tools to develop a program.
Examples of fifth generation language include Mercury, OPS5, and Prolog.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

39. Language Processor
A language processor is a special type of a computer software that has the capacity of translator the source code or program codes into machine codes. The following are different types of language processors are:
Compiler
Assembler
Interpreter
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

40. Language Processor Compiler:
A compiler is a language processor which translate source code from high level language into binary machine code .
Assembler:
An assembler translates from a low level language to binary machine code. The assembler produces one machine instruction for each source instruction . The assemblers are generally used in assembling the source code or program code written in assembly language .
Interpreter:
An interpreter is different from compiler and assembler . It does not convert program into machine code format instead ot directs the CPU to obey each program statement . That means interpreter translate and executes each statement of instruction simultaneously.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

41. Difference between Compiler and Interpreter
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

42. 1. It works line by line; it takes one statement at a time as input.
Compiler
Interpreter
1. It works on the complete program at it once. It takes entire program as input.
1. It works line by line; it takes one statement at a time as input.
2. It generate intermediate code called object code or machine code.
2. It does not generate any intermediate or object code.
3. It executes conditional statements and logical statements faster that interpreter.
3. Conditional statement takes more time to interpret.
4. Complied program takes more memory because it store object code in memory.
4. Interpreted program are more memory efficient.
5. Compile one and run any times. does not need compile many times.
5. Interpreted programs are interpreted line by line every time they run.
6. Error are reported after the entire program is checked.
6. error is reported as soon as the first error encountered. rest of the program will
7. difficult in debugging
7. Debugging is easy because interpreter stops and report error as it encountered.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

43. 9. complied language is more efficient but difficult to debug
Compiler
Interpreter
8. Compiler does not allow a program to run until it is completely error free.
8. It run the program form the first line and stop execution only when encountered error.
9. complied language is more efficient but difficult to debug
9. Less efficient but easy to debug
10. Example : c/c++ ,COBOL uses compilers.
10. Example: BASIC, Visual Basic, Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl MATLAB, Lisp
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

44. Algorithm and Flowchart
A typical programming task can be divided into two phases:
Problem solving phase
produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution of problem
this sequence of steps is called an algorithm
Implementation phase
implement the program in some programming language
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

45. Algorithm
an algorithm is the series of steps that must be executed to solve a problem.
To make the program work properly the algorithm must be properly designed.
The design of the algorithm also ensures the effective utilization of the computing resources, for example, CPU time, RAM. 
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

46. Algorithm in Real Life Problem: Baking a Cake How to solve: • Start
• Preheat the oven at 180oC
• Prepare a baking pan
• Beat butter with sugar
• Mix them with flour and essence vanilla
• Pour the dough into the baking pan
• Put the pan into the oven
• End
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

47. Advantages of algorithm
It is a step-wise representation of a solution to a given problem, which makes it easy to understand.
An algorithm uses a definite procedure.
It is not dependent on any programming language, so it is easy to understand for anyone even without programming knowledge.
Every step in an algorithm has its own logical sequence so it is easy to debug.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

48. Algorithm
 An algorithm must be specific enough so that it can be conveniently translated into a computer program (using C++, for example).
An algorithm can be specified:
Textually For example, using pseudo code
Graphically For example, using flowcharts or UML activity charts
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

49. Example Algorithm to find the sum of two numbers Step-1 Start
Step-2 Input first numbers say A
Step-3 Input second number say B
Step-4 SUM = A + B
Step-5 Display SUM
Step-6 Stop
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

50. Pseudo code
An outline of a program, written in a form that can easily be converted into real programming statements.
It resembles the actual program that will be implemented later. However, it cannot be compiled nor executed.
Pseudo code normally codes the following actions:
Initialisation of variables
Assignment of values to the variables
Arithmetic operations
Relational operations
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

51. Calculating roots of quadratics equation
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

52. Flowchart
A flowchart is a blueprint that pictorially represents the algorithm and its steps.
The steps of a flowchart do not have a specific size and shape rather it is designed in different shapes and sizes
The first design of flowchart goes back to which was designed by John Von Neumann.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

53. Advantages of flowchart:
Flowchart is an excellent way of communicating the logic of a program.
Easy and efficient to analyse problem using flowchart.
During program development cycle, the flowchart plays the role of a blueprint, which makes program development process easier.
After successful development of a program, it needs continuous timely maintenance during the course of its operation. The flowchart makes program or system maintenance easier.
It is easy to convert the flowchart into any programming language code.
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

54. Basic Shapes
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

55. Flowchart for addition of two numbers
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

56. Flowchart for find the largest value
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

57. Benefits of Flowchart Simplify the Logic Makes Communication Better
Effective Analysis
Useful in Coding
Proper Testing
Applicable Documentation
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

58. Difference between flowchart and algorithm
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

59. Algorithm is used only for Mathematical or Computer purposes.
S.No
FlowChart
Algorithm 1
It can use a FlowChart for many different types of Motive. For example, For Education, For Presentation, For Algorithm or Personal Use
Algorithm is used only for Mathematical or Computer purposes. 2
In FlowChart the problem is society and solve through Graphical Representation.
Algorithm is a process or steps to solve any Computer Programs, steps are written in it. 3
In FlowChart, we use diaphragms like Arrow, Square Box etc.
Algorithm, we do Steps Define without using any type of diagram. 4
FlowChart is easier to create while creating
Algorithm is tougher than FlowChart. 5
FlowChart we use Logic and Symbols.
With Algorithm, we use the Specific Program Language to Solve the Programming Problem of any Type
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai

60. End of unit
Thank you
By Poonam Yadav, Asst.Prof, SSMV, Junwani, Bhilai