1. FOREST BIOMETRICS INSTRUMENTATION

3. FOREST BIOMETRICS  What is the total stock (capital) in forest now?  What is the total increment (interest) in forest now?  What is the removable stock (Yield) in forest now?  How is the forest changing?  What will be the effect of a treatment on the growth of crop?  What will be the growth of trees on different sites?  What can (and should) we do to manage the forest properly?

4. What are to be measured in forest Mensuration?  Measurement of single standing trees:  Tree diameter  Tree height  Tree volume  Tree age  Tree increment  Tree crown  Tree bark  Tree shape or form

5. What are to be measured in forest Mensuration?  Measurement of cut or felled material:  Timber(round and converted)  Small wood  Bark  Charcoal

6. What are to be measured in forest Mensuration?  Measurement of crop or stand (group of trees)  crop diameter  crop height  crop volume  crop age  crop density  crop increment

7. Measuring Single Standing Trees DIAMETER MEASUREMENT Diameter tapesDirect Girth tapesindirect Biltmore StickDirect / Indirect Caliperdirect

8. TYPES OF TAPES  metallic cloth tapes,  steel tapes,  fiberglass tapes Girth Tapes Diameter tapes Average Circumference = π*average diameter (where π = 3.14) MEASURING DIAMETER

9. BILTMORE STICK S = (D 2 X L / L+D) 1/2

10. DIAMETER MEASURMENT WITH CALIPER

11. HEIGHT MEASUREMENT Height SticksHeight Measurement (direct) Christen’s Hypsometer Height measurement (based on geometric principle) Weise’s HypsometerHeight measurement (Geometric Principle) Smythei’s Hypsometer Height Measurement (Geometric Principle) Abney’s LevelHeight measurement (Trigonometric principle) Suunto’s ClinometerHeight measurement (Trigonometric principle) Haga AltimeterHeight measurement (trigonometric principle0 Blume Leiss Altimeter Height measurement (Trigonometric principle) Vertex forestorHeight measurement (Trigonometric Principle)

12. MEASURING TREE HEIGHT HEIGHT STICKS

13. CHRISTEN’S HYPSOMETER MEASURING TREE HEIGHT Geometric Principal B H A O a b h AB = HB / hb X ab

14. Using a woodland stick ( Geometric Principal) When measuring height with a woodland stick, visually line up the bottom of the stick with the bottom of the tree and then, moving your eyes and not your head, see where the top of the tree falls on the stick and read the corresponding height value.

15. ABNEY LEVEL: MEASURING TREE HEIGHT Trigonometric Principal General instructions 1.Measure the horizontal distance from the base of the tree (or position directly beneath the tree tip) to a location where the required point on the tree (e.g. tree tip) can be seen. 2.Sight at the required point and move the index arm over the scale until the bubble tube is level. 3.Read the percentage scale (or the degrees and minutes of the angle). 4.Calculate the height by multiplying the percentage read by the horizontal distance (or by multiplying the horizontal distance by Tan of the angle). 5.Site to the base of the tree and repeat steps 2 - 4. 6.Combine the heights from steps 4 and 5 to determine total tree height: o Add the 2 heights together if you looked up to the required point in step 2 and down to the base of the tree in step 5. o Subtract the height to the base of the tree from the height to the required point if you are on sloping ground and had to look up to both the required point and the base of the tree. 7.Check all readings and calculations.

16. USING A CLINOMETER Quick steps – Measuring tree height with a clinometer 1. Move back a measured distance from the tree, preferably 100 feet. 2. Looking at the top of the tree with one eye and through the clinometer with the other, line up the marker in the clinometer with the top of the tree and read the value on the percent scale. 3. Repeat this for the bottom of the tree. If the percentage to the bottom is on the negative part of the scale, add it to the percentage from Step 2; if it is positive, subtract it. 4. Multiply the combined percentage by the distance back from the tree to determine total tree height. Example: Distance from tree = 100’ Tree top reading = +90% Tree bottom reading = -5% Combined reading = 90% + 5% = 95% Tree height = 95% x 100’ = 95’

17. HAGA HYPSOMETER: General instructions 1.Select a distance, preferably 15, 20, 25, or 30 meters away from the tree, where the required point on the tree (e.g. tree tip) can be seen. Measure the selected horizontal distance from the base of the tree (or the position directly beneath the required point). 2.Select the appropriate distance scale on the rotating rod. 3.Release the pointer by pressing the button on the side of the instrument. 4.Sight at the required point on the tree, wait for a moment for the pointer to settle then pull trigger. 5.Read the height directly from the appropriate scale if you are 15, 20, 25, or 30 meters away from the tree. If you were unable to find a position at one of these distances: o If the horizontal distance is a simple fraction of one of the scale distances (e.g. 10 m is half of 20 m), read from the scale distance and multiply by the appropriate fraction. o Read from the percent scale and multiply this percentage by the horizontal distance measured in step 1. 6.Site to the base of the tree and repeat steps 3 - 5. 7.Combine the heights from steps 5 and 6 to determine total tree height: o Add the 2 heights together if you looked up to the required point in step 3 and down to the base of the tree in step 6. o Subtract the height to the base of the tree from the height to the required point if you are on sloping ground and had to look up to both the required point and the base of the tree. Check all readings and calculations

18. BLUME LEISS: General instructions 1.Select a distance, preferably 15, 20, 30, or 40 meters away from the tree, where the required point on the tree (e.g. tree tip) can be seen. Measure the selected horizontal distance from the base of the tree (or position directly beneath the required point). 2.Release the pointer by pressing the button on the side of the instrument. 3.Sight at the required point on the tree, wait for a moment for the pointer to settle then pull trigger. 4.Read the height directly from the appropriate scale if you are 15, 20, 30, or 40 meters away from the tree. If you were unable to find a position at one of these distances: o If the horizontal distance is a simple fraction of one of the scale distances (e.g. 10 m is half of 20 m), read from the scale distance and multiply by the appropriate fraction. o Read from the percent scale and multiply this percentage by the horizontal distance measured in step 1. 5.Site to the base of the tree and repeat steps 2 - 4. 6.Combine the heights from steps 4 and 5 to determine total tree height: o Add the 2 heights together if you looked up to the required point in step 3 and down to the base of the tree in step 5. o Subtract the height to the base of the tree from the height to the required point if you are on sloping ground and had to look up to both the required point and the base of the tree. 7.Check all readings and calculations. Note: As all scales are visible at once, reading from the wrong scale is a common mistake with the Blume Leiss.

19. VERTEX FORESTOR General instructions Using a Vertex Forestor to determine tree height: 1.Activate the transponder by swiveling the pin, and mount in the tree at 1.3 m (the TRP height) and facing the direction where measurement will be taken; 2.Select a point, preferably as far away from the tree as the tree is tall and where the required point (e.g. tree tip) can be seen. (Note that the Vertex does not correct for leaning trees, so you must move out in a direction perpendicular to the plane of any lean of the tree); 3.Press the ON/OFF button and check the TRP height is set at the 1.3 m; 4.Ensure that the internal temperature of the Vertex is the same as the external temperature - wait until they have equilibrated is there is any doubt; 5.Sight at the transponder, press and hold the red button until the red sighting light begins flashing. (The Vertex has measured the horizontal and slope distance from the transponder to your eye); 6.Sight to the desired point and hold the red button until the sighting light stops flashing (The Vertex calculates the height and displays it - the height is calculated as the TRP + height above the transponder); 7.Sight to up to two more positions and repeat the above step - all three heights can be read from the display.

20. MULTIFUNCTIONAL INSTRUMENT Spiegel RelaskopDiameter, Height, Basal Area, Range, Slope measurement

21. MULTIFUNCTIONAL INSTRUMENT Spiegel Relaskop

22. Height measurement with Relaskop There are three height scales (20, 25 and 30 m) on the standard metric version. (The wide angle Spiegel Relaskop has a larger number of height scales). All the height scales are visible when sighting but they are not identified. General instruction 1. Measure the desired horizontal distance from the base of the tree (or point directly beneath the tree tip) to a location where the required point (e.g. tree tip) can be seen; 2. Sight at the required point, while holding the break button to allow the scales to freely rotate; 3. Read the height from the appropriate scale once the scale has settled. Tapping and releasing the break button can help the scales to settle more quickly; 4. Sight to the base of the tree and repeat the above two steps; 5. Add the heights together to get total tree height

23. Diameter measurement General instruction 1.Measure the desired horizontal distance (H meters) from the base of the tree (or point directly beneath the desired tree site) to a location where the required point (e.g. change in diameter) can be seen. Note that you must be at least 5 m away for every 20 cm anticipated diameter; 2.Sight at the required point, while holding the break button to allow the scales to freely rotate; 3.Read from the diameter scale once the scale has settled the number of large bands (with the number 1 printed on them) (L); the number of small bands (4 narrow bands immediately to the right of the large 1 band) (S); and an estimate of any fractional small band (s). Estimate the fractions of the small band as 0.2 (just into the band), 0.4 (almost half), 0.6 (just over half), 0.8 (almost full narrow band). 4.Diameter is calculated as d (cm) = H*(L+0.25*(S+s))*2; 5.Check to ensure the diameter appears correct. Note that L will be 0 or 1, S will be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and s will be a fraction less than 1.0. If the sample tree above were 20 m away, the diameter would be: d (cm) = 20 * (1+0.25*(3+0.2)) * 2 = 72 cm

24. VOLUME MEASUREMENT XylometerWood volume measurement

25. BARK MEASUREMENT Bark ProbeBark thickness measurement Bark HammerBark thickness measurement Bark GaugeBark thickness measurement

26. Swedish Bark Gauge Bark Probe

27. INCREMENT MEASUREMENT Increment or Pressler borer Increment and age measurement

28. PRESSLER INCREMENT BORER AGE AND INCREMENT MEASURING