1. Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders
Chapter 6
Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders 1

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Bones and joints
Bones provide framework and support
Classified by shape and composition
Joints
Where two or more bones meet
Muscle structure, movement, and heat 2

3. Common Signs and Symptoms
Bone and joint diseases:
Pain, swelling, decreased mobility, and deformity
Muscle disorders:
Weakness 3

4. Diagnostic Tests X-rays Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs)
BMD – DEXA
Blood studies
Including calcium and phosphorus
Electromyography 4

5. Diseases of the Bone Vary from mild to severe
More common as adults age 5

6. Diseases of the Bone Spinal deformities: Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis
Curvature of thoracic spine
Lordosis
Exaggerated anterior or inward curve of lumbar spine
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of spine 6

7. Spinal Deformities 7

8. Diseases of the Bone Osteoporosis Osteomyelitis Osteomalacia
Metabolic bone disease causing porosity and leading to decrease in bone mass
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone caused by staphylococcal infection
Osteomalacia
Softening of the bones 8

9. Diseases of the Joints Most occur as slow process Arthritis
Inflammation
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative process – “wearing out of joint” 9

10. Diseases of the Joints Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disorder affecting joints and connective tissue of entire body
Rheumatoid vs Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis affects working joints
Rheumatoid can affect all joints
Gout
Metabolic error in breakdown of certain protein foods 10

11. Neoplasms Primary neoplasms of musculoskeletal system uncommon
Typically secondary, metastasizing from lungs, breast, and prostate 11

12. Neoplasms Osteosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
Most common primary tumor of bone
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Very rare, highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle 12

13. Trauma Main cause of problems in musculoskeletal system Fractures
Break in bone 13

14. Strains and Sprains Strain Overstretching injury of muscle Treatment:
Rest
Moist heat
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories 14

15. Strains and Sprains Sprain Traumatic injury to joint Treatment (RICE):
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation 15

16. Dislocations and Subluxations
Complete separation of bone from normal position
Causes pain and joint deformity
Subluxation
Partial separation of bone from normal position 16

17. Dislocation and Subluxation17

18. Low Back Pain Very common disorder May be acute or chronic Treatment:
Moist heat
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories
Muscle relaxants 18

19. Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
Herniated disk, ruptured disk, slipped disk, or bulging disk
Pressure on spinal nerve may cause pain in sciatic nerve
Treatment same as low back pain 19

20. Bursitis Inflammation of bursae or small fluid-filled sac near joints
Bursae help reduce friction during movement
Symptoms:
Severe pain
Limits motion 20

21. Bursitis
Treatment:
Moist heat
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatory agents 21

22. Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon or connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
May occur in any tendon 22

23. Tendonitis Treatment: Ice Analgesics Anti-inflammatories Exercises
Surgery 23

24. Plantar Fasciitis Also known as calcaneal spur or heel spur Treatment:
Rest
Ice
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories 24

25. Plantar Fasciitis 25

26. Rare Diseases de Quervain’s Tuberculosis of bone Paget’s disease
Tendonitis affecting thumb
Tuberculosis of bone
Develops in tissue cavities; causes bone weakness and pain
Paget’s disease
Chronic metabolic bone disease affecting bone formation
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue 26

27. Effects of Aging Decreased bone density
Decreased muscle strength and mass
Changed vertebral disks and compression of vertebrae
Results in changes in height and spine curvature 27