والصلاة والسلام على أشرف الأنبياء والمرسالين

والصلاة والسلام على أشرف الأنبياء والمرسالين
سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Biomedical Engineering: Education, Research and Challenges
Bahattin Karagözoğlu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA December 14, 2011

KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
Résumé of Dr. Baha BSc and MSc in EE – METU Ankara; 1972 and 1974 PhD in Biomedical Engineering, Univ of Stratchlyde, Glasgow, Scotland 1977 National Service, Research Centre, Gölcük Naval Base, 1978 – 1979 İTÜ Faculty of Electrical – Electronics Eng – 1983 King Abdulaziz Univ. Faculty of Eng. Dept. of Electrical and Computer Eng. Jeddah – Saudi Arabia 1983 – B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

The Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept.
Largest department in the Faculty of Eng with 4 academic programs supported by 42 qualified faculty members, 14 technical support staff, 16 well furnished and staffed scientific laboratories + 2 advanced labs Around 500 undergraduate students ECE B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Disclaimer - Why I am here today?
I am not a scientist to share my knowledge, rather I am your brother who is willing to share his feelings and experience with you He who has two successive days alike is a looser (Prophet Mohammed sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) I am trying to improve myself and contribute to my institution in the continuous improvement process I want to learn how to design and evaluate a course and develop simplified procedures so that we can implement I want to use every opportunity to improve the link between institutions and scientific communities B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Outline of the presentation
An overview of biomedical engineering: Definitions, Specialty areas Historical developments Activities expected from biomedical engineers in general and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in specific. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Brief History of BME at KAU
Established in 1982 with a Royal decree 1st graduates in February 1985 Over 210 graduates since then Currently 65 students enrolled, enrollment trend about 20/year Started with 2 staff, now in USA for PhD ABET substantial equivalency in September 2003 and full accreditation for 6 years in September 2009 B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Teaching and Training The scientific knowledge is gained by a mature wisdom, true revelations and correct observations. Training changes how we perform. Teaching changes how we think. Naturally, teaching and training are not mutually exclusive. In fact, training and teaching occur simultaneously in many instances, although some fields require more training than others. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Need for a Trainer The professional education covers teaching and training for a specific profession. Training is a way of infusing the habit of holding the truth, the goodness and the excellence in his/her deeds and deeds of others The youngsters are formally educated in one the application areas in a university/college in classrooms, scientific laboratories and field studies. Training requires a trainer but teaching is expedited by a teacher. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Science and Ethics Science gives us knowledge about the facts of the nature. Science and technology tell us how to do things without differentiating right or wrong. Accepted standards of right and wrong are the morals. A code or system of rules defining moral behavior for a particular society is called the ethics. Hence, what we ought to do in our profession is the domain of ethics. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Excellent Good True The true: the thought and the word check with the fact. The good: the true is used to provide a benefit. The excellent: the wording and actions shall be arranged in such a way that they relieve a sorrow and provide pleasure. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Education and Tools Everybody is a genius. Education through design helps more people to discover their capabilities. Human being has been developing tools and techniques to extend his capabilities in collecting information and fulfilling his duties in daily living. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Engineering & Engineer
From Carver A. Mead, Professor Emeritus, California Institute of Technology, 2003 National Academy of Engineering Founders Award Recipient: Engineering is the stuff that works out in practice. From Dr. Ubaid Al-Saggaf, one of the best engineer in the Kingdom: Engineering is the art of tradeoffs. Combining the two: Engineering is the art of designing. An engineer as one who is versed in the practice of engineering. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Is BME a Favorite Profession of the Time?
Questions: What are the salient features of a desired profession? What makes a profession favorable? Let us seek answers: Ease of finding job Development in the job environment Cooperation among the members of the community Continuous improvement of the professional in the light of technological advancements Serving with fidelity to a wide range of people in the society and living in harmony Contribution of the professionals to the welfare of the society B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Processes that are carried out in medicine in curing patients
Identification of the disease Treatment of the patient Removing diseased body parts (surgery) Supporting body organs and their functions (orthotic) Replacing missing body parts with artificial ones (prosthetic) Monitoring (follow up) of the patient and progress of the treatment B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Diagnosing a disease The physician obtains the history, examines the patient, performs tests to determine the diagnosis and prescribes treatment. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

A simplified measurement system
A typical measurement system uses sensors to measure the variable, has signal processing and display, and may provide feedback. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Experimentally testing a hypothesis
In the scientific method, a hypothesis is tested by experiment to determine its validity. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Measurement with or without a clinician
(b) (a) Without the clinician, the patient may be operating in an ineffective closed loop system. (b) The clinician provides knowledge to provide an effective closed loop system. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Reporting abnormalities
In some situations, a patient may monitor vital signs and notify a clinician if abnormalities occur. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

What the Physician Wants?
O2 and nutrient concentrations in the cells Not possible in a direct way Blood flow and changes in the volume Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate Not easy to do Blood pressure Direct - requires invasive methods to be used Indirect - noninvasive, but full waveform is not easy to obtain Electrocardiogram and heart rate - noninvasive B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Medically important measurands
Biopotentials Pressure Flow Dimensions (imaging) Displacement (velocity, acceleration and force) Impedance Temperature Chemical concentrations B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Elastic resistive transducer
B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Noncontact-type infrared ear thermometer B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Spectrophotometry The most common technique used in may clinical lab instruments Photometer, no filter Colorimeter, glass filter that selects a range of wavelengths Spectrophotometer: Wavelength selection with a narrow-band filter - monochromator Wavelength can be adjusted and provides a quantitative reading. Figure 11.1 Block diagram of a spectrophotometer (Based on R. J. Henry, D. C. Cannon, and J. W. Winkelman, eds., Clinical Chemistry, 2nd ed. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row, 1974.) B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Pulse oximeter (a) Transmission-type pulse oximeter finger probe, and (b) disposable finger sensor B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Time dependence of light absorption by a peripheral vascular tissue bed illustrating the effect of arterial pulsation B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

General principle of a fiber optic–based sensor B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Voltage and freq. ranges of some common biopot. signals

Common medical measurands.
Measurement Range Frequency, Hz Method Blood flow 1 to 300 mL/s 0 to 20 Electromagnetic or ultrasonic Blood pressure 0 to 400 mmHg 0 to 50 Cuff or strain gage Cardiac output 4 to 25 L/min Fick, dye dilution Electrocardiography 0.5 to 4 mV 0.05 to 150 Skin electrodes Electroencephalography 5 to 300  V 0.5 to 150 Scalp electrodes Electromyography 0.1 to 5 mV 0 to 10000 Needle electrodes Electroretinography 0 to 900  V Contact lens electrodes pH 3 to 13 pH units 0 to 1 pH electrode pCO2 40 to 100 mmHg 0 to 2 pCO2 electrode pO2 30 to 100 mmHg pO2 electrode Pneumotachography 0 to 600 L/min 0 to 40 Pneumotachometer Respiratory rate 2 to 50 breaths/min 0.1 to 10 Impedance Temperature 32 to 40 °C 0 to 0.1 Thermistor Common medical measurands. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Specification Value Pressure range –30 to +300 mmHg Overpressure without damage –400 to mmHg Maximum unbalance ±75 mmHg Linearity and hysteresis ± 2% of reading or ± 1 mmHg Risk current at 120 V 10 A Defibrillator withstand 360 J into 50  Sensor specifications for a blood pressure sensor are determined by a committee composed of individuals from academia, industry, hospitals, and government. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

A hysteresis loop. The output curve obtained when increasing the measurand is different from the output obtained when decreasing the measurand. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Specification Value Input signal dynamic range ±5 mV Dc offset voltage ±300 mV Slew rate 320 mV/s Frequency response 0.05 to 150 Hz Input impedance at 10 Hz 2.5 M Dc lead current 0.1 A Return time after lead switch 1 s Overload voltage without damage 5000 V Risk current at 120 V 10 A Specification values for an electrocardiograph are agreed upon by a committee. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Interfering and modifying inputs B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Definition of a medical instrument
A medical instrument or device is a product which is used for medical purposes in patients, in diagnosis, therapy or surgery. The most important medical devices are those that save the most lives or alleviate the most pain. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Electronics Jobs B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Projections data from the National Employment Matrix (US)
Occupational Title SOC Code Employ., 2008 Proj. Employ., 2018 Chng Number Percent Biomedical engineers 16,000 27,600 11,600 72 Environmental engineers 54,300 70,900 16,600 31 Civil engineers 278,400 345,900 67,600 24 Petroleum engineers 21,900 25,900 4,000 18 Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 7,100 8,200 1,100 15 Industrial engineers, including health and safety 240,400 273,700 33,200 14 Industrial engineers 214,800 245,300 30,600 Agricultural engineers 2,700 3,000 300 12 B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Biomedical Engineering
Metaphorical bridge Engineering Medicine B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Biomedical Engineering (BME)
Application of electrical, mechanical, chemical, optical, and other engineering principles to understand, modify, or control biologic (i.e., human and animal) systems, as well as design and manufacture products that can monitor physiologic functions and assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. When biomedical engineers work within a hospital or clinic, they are more properly called clinical engineers. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Bioengineering Usually defined as a basic research-oriented activity closely related to biotechnology and genetic engineering, that is, the modification of animal or plant cells, or parts of cells, to improve plants or animals or to develop new microorganisms for beneficial ends. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Specific activities by BME
Artificial organs Automated patient monitoring Blood chemistry sensors Advanced therapeutic and surgical devices Application of expert systems and artificial intelligence to clinical decision making Design of optimal clinical laboratories Medical imaging systems Computer modeling of physiologic systems Biomaterials design Biomechanics of injury and wound healing Sports medicine Artificial organs (hearing aids, cardiac pacemakers, artificial kidneys and hearts, blood oxygenators, synthetic blood vessels, joints, arms, and legs). Automated patient monitoring (during surgery or in intensive care, healthy persons in unusual environments, such as astronauts in space or underwater divers at great depth). Blood chemistry sensors (potassium, sodium, O2, CO2, and pH). Advanced therapeutic and surgical devices (laser system for eye surgery, automated delivery of insulin, etc.). Application of expert systems and artificial intelligence to clinical decision making (computer-based systems for diagnosing diseases). Design of optimal clinical laboratories (computerized analyzer for blood samples, cardiac catheterization laboratory, etc.). Medical imaging systems (ultrasound, computer assisted tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, etc.). Computer modeling of physiologic systems (blood pressure control, renal function, visual and auditory nervous circuits, etc.). Biomaterials design (mechanical, transport and biocompatibility properties of implantable artificial materials). Biomechanics of injury and wound healing (gait analysis, application of growth factors, etc.). Sports medicine (rehabilitation, external support devices, etc.) B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Specialty areas in BME bioinstrumentation, biomaterials; biomechanics; cellular, tissue and genetic engineering; clinical engineering; medical imaging; orthopedic surgery; rehabilitation engineering; and systems physiology B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Historical development of medical instruments
Before 1900, medicine had little to offer the typical citizen because its resources were mainly the education and little black bag of the physician. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Will to Discover First blood pressure measurement setup B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Discovery of ECG Einthoven discovered ECG in1903 and 1st recording in 1906: Ionic changes during heart beating Capillary galvanoscope used by Einthoven (slightly different configuration). Mercury droplet in the horizontal tube moves under the influence of an electric field applied to the two electrodes Familiar trace of the modern ECG used to diagnosis various heart problems and conditions B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

History of Diagnosis and Imaging
At the turn of the 20th century, advances in almost all areas of science enabled medical researchers to make giant strides forward First advances in medical diagnostics and imaging In 1896 Roentgen developed X-ray imaging initially used for the diagnosis of bone fractures technology has evolved today to visual all organ systems (with the use of radio-opaque materials) B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Between1930 – 1960 In 1930’s: EEG (brain waves) in 1929 Development of heart-lung machine in 1935 Electron microscope in 1931 In 1940 and 1950’s Developments in cardiovascular medicine Angiography in 1941 (observing the vascular tree using a radio opaque dye) Artificial tissue in 1954 Discovery of pacemaker in 1955 B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Drinkler’s Respirator (“Iron Lung”)
First widely used mechanical device capable of artificial respiration to treat victims of respiratory paralysis. The patient’s entire body, excluding the head, was placed in a sealed tank. Tank pressure was increased and decreased to move air into and out of the lungs to simulate normal respiration. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

A typical IV infusion system B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Developments after1960 Discovery of cardiac pacemaker in 1955 and first use in 1961 First microprocessor in 1972 and first computerized tomography that follows IBM PC in 1981 B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Expected Developments in Near Future
A team of distinguished experts with broadly varying backgrounds was able to converge on a common vision of the likely future of medical device technologies over the next decade. The projected developments generally fall into six major categories: computer-related technologies, molecular medicine, home- and self-care, minimally invasive procedures, device/drug hybrid products, and organ replacement/assist devices using both hardware and tissue-engineered components. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Measurand B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

What is electronics engineering?
Physical Process variables Sensors/ transducers Electrical Filters variables V, I, t, f Amplifiers Feedback Computers A/D converters Physical Actuators/transducers D/A converters variables F, P, d, v, t, f New process B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

What can Electronics contribute to health care? The artificial cardiac pacemaker requires highly miniaturized electronics B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

The artificial cardiac pacemaker uses an accelerometer to speed up heart rate during movement. If the electrode senses normal pacing it inhibits artificial pacing. A magnet placed over the hall sensor permits data transfer from a coil on the skin. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Middle Ear Prosthesis For those with no hearing, in a cochlear implant, a 24 electrode probe stimulates the auditory nerve. A coil outside the skin transmits adequate power to a coil under the skin. Each electrode stimulates nerves responding to a different frequency. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

What can communication engineers contribute to health care? The cochlear implant speech processor divides signals from a microphone into different frequency bands. Signals then stimulate corresponding auditory nerves. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

The Health Care B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Telemedicine and e-health
Healthcare practice supported by electronic processes and communication B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

What can Electronics and Communication contribute to health care?
This blind man is using High-tech Navigation & Orientation: Tactile BrainPort Vision System: 144 point Electrotactile Tongue Display

Patients with Parkinson’s disease may benefit from deep brain stimulation. A 4-electrode probe in the brain is electrically stimulated to release chemicals that change a patient who can hardly walk to a person who walks normally.

Brain signals from patients who cannot move or speak can control computer input so they can communicate with the external world.

Patients who cannot swallow must be fed through a tube. Exercise of the tongue can strengthen it to improve swallowing. A pressure sensor on the palate can provide feedback about adequate tongue exercise.

What can Microwaves contribute to health care?
Hyperthermia (or thermotherapy) is a cancer treatment that involves heating tumor cells within the body. Elevating the temperature of tumor cells results in cell membrane damage, which, in turn, leads to the destruction of the cancer cells. Today hyperthermia is used as an adjunct to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Hyperthermia treatment of cancer requires directing a carefully controlled dose of heat to the cancerous tumor and surrounding body tissue. Cancerous tissues can be destroyed at exposure to a temperature of about 108 °F for an hour. This high heat must be used wisely—too little heat and the cancer will not be killed. However, if too much heat misses the tumor target, the skin or other healthy tissues could be burned.

What can Microwaves contribute to health care?
In addition to treating tumors, microwaves show promise in detecting and locating them by acting as a sort of radar for your body. A breast tumor, for example, has a much higher water content than the surrounding healthy tissue. Working in much the same way as a radar system, microwaves can be bounced off of potential tumors and provide information about size and consistency. This diagnostic tool can be used in conjunction with more traditional x-raying techniques, such as mammography, and may even prove more effective at detecting tumors earlier. While more work remains to be done, this use of microwaves seems very promising. Beginning in 2001, microwaves were also used to treat atrial fibrillation, where the chambers of the heart beat irregularly. By inserting a special probe through the arteries leading to the heart, a surgeon can heat the irregularly beating muscle, causing the heart to return to normal beating.

What can Electromagnetics contribute to health care?
For liver tumors, current between cylindrical probes does not heat well to kill the tumor. Current between flat probes heats better. 6 surrounding probes may heat best a tumor in the middle.

Rehabilitation The process of helping an individual achieve the highest level of independence and quality of life possible - physically, emotionally, socially, and spiritually. Rehabilitation engineering is to develop tools and facilities for the disabled people to help them in recovery and gain independence in their activities. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Biomechanics Application of mechanical principles to biological and medical systems, such as humans, animals, plants, organs, and cells. Study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of mechanics. Numerical methods are hence applied in almost every biomechanical study. Research is done in a iterative process of hypothesis and verification, including several steps of modeling, computer simulation and experimental measurements. Microprocessor controlled prosthetic leg B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Robotics a robot's design, manufacture, application, and structural disposition. It is related to electronics, mechanics, and software. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Prevention is much important than treatment: After age 30, the average American gains 0.5 kg per year B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

BME at King Abdul-Aziz University
application of electronics, computers and measurement techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease combines knowledge of a unique physical phenomenon (sound, radiation, magnetism, etc.) with high speed electronic data processing, analysis and display to generate an image Bioinstrumentation Medical Imaging application of technology to health care in hospitals Clinical engineer who is able to perform certain engineering tasks in a health care facility and who has the knowledge and experience to work as a partner with health professionals to plan and implement appropriate programs for improving health care delivery. Clinical Engineering BME at King Abdul-Aziz University B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

BME alumni into major jobs

BME alumni into 10 major job places

Graduates versus Jobs Match between number of degrees granted in BME and the number of career opportunities available in the West. There is a mismatch in the Kingdom and the number of jobs available is more than the number of graduates. As a result, the health service currently employs engineers from several specialties. The awareness of the availability and "quality" of BME graduates increases the carrier opportunities for biomedical engineers. All past graduates of the option have found immediate jobs in their specialty in various government and private organizations. Many graduates have been promoted to high-level administrative and technical positions. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

Private jobs Most Saudi graduates prefer job positions in government and military organizations. Non-Saudis seek career opportunities mainly in medical device industry and contractor companies. The private positions are more challenging, difficult and require experience. As the government positions become scarce, the Saudi graduates will be forced to look for private jobs that prefer advanced degrees and experience. B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

With my sincere thanks for your patience B. Karagözoğlu KFUPM - Electrical Engineering

والصلاة والسلام على أشرف الأنبياء والمرسالين

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والصلاة والسلام على أشرف الأنبياء والمرسالين

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