1. Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society
Oseas Romero AP US History
Stafford High School

4. Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century
New Englanders replicated traditional English Social order
Contrasted with experience in other English colonies throughout the world
This is due to the development of the Puritan family
Puritans believed the God ordained the family
A patriarchal English family structure was created in New England
Huge population growth caused by higher life expectancy
Would cause the creation of grandparents
Multigenerational families would strengthen social stability

5. The New England Family
Most New Englanders married neighbors with similar values
Households produced their own needs and surpluses
Education was provided for by the family
Boys would be educated, girls would stop their education and learn the ways of being a mother
The town center was the center of life for the Puritan family
Church membership and church activities reflected this

6. Women in Puritan New England
Women’s roles
Farm labor, although not necessarily the same requirements as men
Women in many places would outnumber men in church membership 2:1
Women could not control property
Divorce was difficult to obtain
Women would accommodate themselves to roles they believed were accepted by God

7. Social Hierarchy
Absence of the very rich (English nobility) necessitated creation of a new social order
Local gentry of prominent, pious families
Large population of independent yeomen landowners loyal to the community
Small population of landless laborers, servants, and poor
At this point in time there will be a moderate disparity of wealth
Servitude was more like an apprenticeship

8. Chesapeake Colonies (Middle)
While they were created around the same time as the New England colonies, Chesapeake settlements varied greatly
High death rate would be the biggest reason for this

9. Family Life Normal family life impossible in Middle Colonies
Mostly young male indentured servants
Most immigrants died quickly after arrival
In marriage, one spouse often died with seven years of marriage
Extended families common
Mortality rates would be higher without immigration, population would have been in decline without it

10. Women in Chesapeake
Scarcity gave women the opportunity to choose their husbands
This would create a problem for female indentured servants
Childbearing was extremely dangerous
Conditions of sanitation were terrible
Average lifespan of women in Middle Colonies was twenty years shorter than in New England

11. Creation of a Planter Society
Tobacco is the basis of all wealth in the Middle Colonies
Large landowners had to have labor under control
Great planters few but dominant
Initial capital to invest in workers
Huge tracts of land
Gentry intermarried and became the colonial leaders and elites

12. The Freemen Largest class in Middle colonies
Most are freed at the end of indenture
Lived on the edge of poverty

13. Indentured Servants Servitude was a temporary status Conditions harsh
Would regard their time of service as slavery
Planters openly feared rebellion

14. Post 1680’s 1680, rank of gentry was open to people with money
Demographic shift after 1680 created Creole elite
Ownership of slaves consolidated planter wealth and position
Freemen found advancement more difficult to obtain

15. Population Scarcity in Virginia
Large-scale tobacco cultivation required
Extensive landholdings
Once Native Americans began to decline due to disease a new workforce was required
Indentured servant poor from Europe diminished due to better economic conditions
Only logical group left was Africans
Africans had been in Virginia since 1619, it would take more than fifty years to determine their status
Ready access to water-borne commerce
Population would therefore be dispersed along great tidal rivers
Virginia would develop as a rural society devoid of many townships
Education was seen as a luxury, reserved for the ultra elite

16. Roots of Slavery
Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 prompted stricter slave laws
Barbados Slave code
Africans defined as slaves for life
Slave status was passed on to children
Slaves would be a worthwhile investment for this reason
Most slaves were not brutally beaten and killed like we are led to believe
However slavery was still a cruel institutions
Africans were normally first brought to the West Indies to be seasoned. Any idea of revolt was usually beaten out of them.
Masters had total control of slave life and labor

19. Slave experience differed from colony to colony
60% of South Carolina’s population black
Nearly half of Virginia’s population black
Blacks were much less numerous in New England and Middle Colonies
Older black population tended to look down on recent arrivals from Africa
A hierarchy of slaves
All Africans however participated in the creation of a new African American culture
Took African and European customs and made it there own
By 1720, African population and culture was self-sustaining

20. Olaudah Equiano

21. Carolinas
The ever changing political landscape in England affected the colonies profoundly
Charles I beheading and following Restoration are prime examples
Charles II believed that it was his destiny to once again bring the throne to prominence in Europe and America
Carolina began in 1670
Prospered due to its ties to the West Indies
Natural harbor in Charleston
Carolina would import the Barbados Slave codes
Primary port for slave trade
Tobacco could not grow in Carolina, but rice did very well
Slaves were bought to work the rice plantations
Resistance to malaria
The knew how to work to the fields better than anyone else
Prosperity brought trouble, the Carolinas will split into two

22. Quaker Experiment
Known as the Religious Society of Friends, the Quakers were different than other protest groups
Refused to pay taxes for the Church
Did not pay clergy
Lived simply
Pacifist
Refused military service and only peacefully resisted
Democratically oriented
Most famous Quaker is William Penn and he wanted to establish a Quaker colony
Pennsylvania
Well advertised and liberal land policy attracted many people

23. 1681- primarily colonized by the Dutch, Swedish, English and Welsh
Quakers felt threatened because they didn’t want Quakers, but Penn’s ideas attracted many people
Representative assembly elected
No tax supported state church
Freedom to worship
Restricted use of death penalty
“Blue laws” prohibited “ungodly revelers,” stage plays, playing cards, dice, games, and excessive hilarity.
Philadelphia carefully planned
Bought from local Indians and were treated fairly
Relatively peaceful relations

24. Beginning of Slave Resistance
Widespread resentment of status
Armed resistance happen
Stono Rebellion of 1739
Edged on by black mariners who would bring world from around the world to British American Slaves

25. Seeds of Colonial Unity
1643, New England Confederation created
Primary goal was defense
Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and scattered Connecticut settlements
Weak but noteworthy since it was a large step towards American unity
For decades the colonies were allowed to be semi-autonomous commonwealths
This will change once Charles II takes the crown
Primary focus will be Massachusetts
Charles will grant a charter to both Connecticut and Rhode Island

26. Rise of a Commercial Empire
English leaders ignored the colonies until 1650s
Restored monarchy of the Charles II recognized the value of the colonies
Navigation Acts are instituted by the King
Limit American trade within the British Empire
The Crown decided with whom they could trade
Must be made in the Empire
Musty carry a crew of at least 75% English
Goods could only be sold to English ports
Tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, dyes,
Created a new smuggling operation in the Americas
Pirates

27. Economic Competition “Mercantilism”
One country’s gain is another country’s loss
Countries gain power by control of world’s scarce resources
English trade regulations more ad hoc responses to particular problems than coherent mercantilist policy

28. Varieties of motivation
Crown wanted more money
English Merchants wanted to exclude the powerful Dutch
Parliament wanted a stronger navy
Encouraged a domestic shipbuilding industry
New England would compete, didn’t want that
Exports instead of imports

29. Effects of the Navigation Act of 1660
Encouraged a robust shipbuilding industry in England
Made it harder for rivals to get certain English goods
Generated more revenue for the Crown

30. Navigation Act of 1663 Staple Act
Goods shipped to English colonies must first pass through England
Expensive
Increased price paid by colonial consumers

31. Implementing the Acts
Navigation Acts were aimed at removing the Dutch from English commercial lanes
Planters hurt by the acts
New England merchants ignored the law
Forced English to implement harsh laws and allow harsh governors
Massachusetts will lead the way against these laws

32. Colonial Discontent
Colonies will experience unrest at the end of the 17th century
Not a social revolution, but a contest between the elites of the colonies
The winners would gain legitimacy
Bacon’s Rebellion
Discontent with Governor Berkeley’s rule
His faction would control the economic activity
Bacon was not in his inner circle, so he was left out
Frontier population felt that Berkeley did not protect them from Natives
Using this discontent, Bacon rebelled in 1676
Small farmers, blacks, and women were allowed to join
Demanded reforms

33. Bacon’s Outcomes Rebels burned capital
Berkeley regains control, but is recalled back to England
Once Bacon dies, the rebellion falls apart
Gentry recover positions and unite over the next decades to oppose royal governors like Berkeley

34. Dominion of New England
1686, created to be the arm of the king
Maine to New Jersey united, there charters revoked
Strengthen colonial defenses against Indians
Regain control by England over America by enforcing the Navigation Acts
Sir Edmund Andros headed the Dominion
Established headquarters in “trouble area”
What is the trouble area?
Church of England became more prominent
Puritans hated this
Soldiers were considered vulgar and repulsed many Puritans
Andros was quick to lay down the law
Curbed town meetings
Restrictions on the courts, press, and schools
Revoked land titles
Got rid of local assemblies
Taxed without any representation

35. Glorious Revolution Changes Everything
William and Mary become Monarchs, 1689 rebellion ensues in colonies
Andros no longer has any support from the crown
Dominion of New England falls apart
Scared of what the colonist will do to him, Andros dresses up like a woman and tries to escape
Got caught
A new charter is instituted, the old one was revoked when Mass became the Dominion of New England
All male property owners could vote
Before only church members could vote
Bible Commonwealth was falling apart
Salutary neglect

36. King Philip’s War Population divided by increased trade
Brought non-Puritan settlers to area
Navigation Acts inflicted direct royal presence
White—Indians relations were already strained
1675—Metacomet led Wampanoag-Narragansett alliance against colonist
Colonist struggle to unite and defeat Native Americans
Deaths totaled 1,000 combined
Defeated, left as warning to other Native Americans

37. Glorious Revolution continued
Tensions between older Dutch elite and new wealthy Anglo-Dutch Merchants
James II’s death causes crisis in New York
Jacob Leisler seizes control
Leisler’s revolt
Maintains control through 1690, in 1691 he’s arrested and executed
1689- death of James causes John Coode to lead a revolt against the Catholic governor of Maryland
Approved by King William
Maryland becomes a royal colony
No longer under Calvert control
Anglican church is now king and Catholics barred from office
1715—leadership of the colony is given back to the Calvert family

38. Salem Charges of witchcraft are common Salem panic of 1691
Accused witches thought to have made compact with the devil
Salem panic of 1691
Much larger than ever seen before
Twenty women dead before trials are halted in 1692
Not everyone agreed with the trials
Spectral evidence panned by critics
Salem witch trials were caused by the following. They would need someone to blame
Church factionalism,
Economic jealousy
Fear of Native American attacks

39. What is happening
1700, England’s attitude towards the colonies has dramatically changed
Sectional differences between the colonies is profound
Colonies were part of Great Britain but had little do with each other
Immigrants to the colonies, would immediately feel at home
Benjamin Franklin
Rags-to-riches story became symbolic of what America could do
Americas population was ballooning
Many died, but people still came
Indentured servitude ending
Black slaves being used