1. CIVIL RIGHTS Lesson 1 The Civil Rights Movement Strengthens
CH 9.1

2. Civil Rights & Segregation
The rights of individuals to receive equal treatment under the law
De Facto Segregation
Segregation through customs and practice
More difficult to overcome
De Jure Segregation
Segregation by law

3. Background of Racial Segregation
America’s History
Agrarian society
Civil War
13th amendment
Outlawed Slavery
14th Amendment
 granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including former slaves, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws
15th Amendment
prohibited states from disenfranchising voters “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” 
Did not prohibit states from creating voting requirements

4. The Segregation System:
Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation
Guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public places.
In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act unconstitutional
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal constitutional
Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races
Facilities for blacks always inferior to those for whites

5. The Jim Crow Era Jim Crow laws Plessy v Ferguson case 1896
legalized segregation:
Poll taxes, literacy tests, & grandfather clauses were used to deprive blacks of voting rights
KKK enforced racial inequality
Plessy v Ferguson case 1896
“separate but equal”

6. A Developing Civil Rights Movement
WW II
Job opportunities
Soldiers and airmen served in segregated units
Tuskegee Airmen
FDR ends government, war industries discrimination
Truman ends racial segregation in armed forces
African American Vets. Fight for equality at home.

7. Segregation Limits Equality
Athletes who broke racial barrier
Ray Kemp - Pittsburgh Steelers (then Pirates) played in the NFL
Jesse Owens – 1936 Berlin Olympics
Joe Louis - Boxer, knocks out German fighter (1938)
Jackie Robinson – 1947 – broke racial barrier in baseball
Don Barksdale was the first African American to play on the U.S. Olympic basketball team. – 1948
Althea Gibson – First African American female tennis player – 1950

8. The goals of civil rights activists
Combat racial discrimination
End segregation
Desegregate schools and public facilities
3. Secure/protect the right to vote
History of Civil Rights Movement
Strategies
Legal challenges-legislation
Non-violent protests
Sit-ins
Boycotts
Riots
marches

9. Challenging Segregation in Court: The NAACP Legal Strategy
Thurgood Marshall - ( )
U.S. Supreme Court justice and civil rights advocate.
“Mr. Civil Rights.”
Legal counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),
Helped to end Jim Crow
Won 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court
Brown v. Board
Appointed to Supreme Court – 1967
Frist African American on the US Supreme Court

10. Modern Civil Rights Brown vs. Board of Education – 1954
Rosa Parks – 1955
Bus Boycotts – 1955
MLK Selma to Montgomery
Sit-ins – 1956
Little Rock 9 – 1957
Freedom Riders
March on Washington – 1963
“I Have a Dream”
Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965

11. Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Desegregated schools – 1954
Unanimous Supreme Court
Overturn Plessy v. Ferguson
Earl Warren – Supreme Justice
Separating children and schools based on race impacts children
Access to education
60 yrs of Brown v. Board Resources
PBS – Brown v. Board Video

12. Reaction to the Brown Decision Resistance to School Desegregation
Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate
Some districts, state officials, pro-white groups actively resist
Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible
Many Southern States and cities refuse to enforce
KKK - Intimidation
Mendez v. Westminster
Desegregated schools on the west coast
Mexican/Latino Americas
Hernandez v. Texas (1954)
Allowed Mexican Americans to serve in a jury
First legal case dealing with discrimination other than African Americans.

13. In 1954, each state had its own laws governing segregation in public schools. Analyze Maps What states required segregation in 1954?

14. In what ways are these graphs related
In what ways are these graphs related? Analyze Data Cite evidence to support the claim that school desegregation improved the lives of minorities living in the United States.

15. Eisenhower’s silence on Brown
Little Rock 9
Eisenhower’s silence on Brown
false message that he supported segregation
Little Rock 9
In 1957, Arkansas governor called the Nat’l Guard
Prevent African American students from attending school
Orval Faubus - Governor
President Ike sent in the army to force integration for the “Little Rock 9”
Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school
Ernest Green – First African American to graduate from Central High School
TV allowed Northerners to see and experience Jim Crow and racism.

16. Crisis in Little Rock
Since 1948, Arkansas integrating state university, private groups
Little Rock School District had separate schools
Jim Crow / Plessy v. Ferguson
Board of Education in Little Rock started to gradually integrate the schools
Buses
Gov. Orval Faubus
Running for reelection
Appealing to people and his party
Segregationists
Sept 4th, students go to Central High School
National Guard called by the Gov.
Not to protect students but to protect the school
Hip Hughes Little Rock 9
Footage of Little Rock 9

17. Elizabeth Eckford, one of nine students chosen to integrate Little Rock High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, walked past an angry crowd as officers from the National Guard stood by.

18. Rosa Parks Bus segregation
African Americans had to give up their seats for Whites.
¾ of all bus riders in Montgomery were African American (economic impact for the City)
Rosa Parks
Anti-Jim Crow Law activist
Drank from white water fountains, took stairs instead of “Colored Only” elevators
Dec 1, 1955
Refused to give up her seat for a white person
Inspired other women to do the same

19. Bus Boycott NAACP and Montgomery Improvement Association
Martin Luther King called for a boycott of public busing
Dec 5, 90% of Montgomery’s black citizens stayed off the buses
African American Taxi drivers helped
Peaceful demonstration, gained TV attention
Economic impact for city of Montgomery
June 5, 1956 federal district court ruled in Browder v. Gayle state segregated busses were illegal.
Boycott lasted for over 1 year

20. Martin Luther King and the SCLC Changing the World with Soul Force
Martin Luther King, Jr. (26-years-old) was the spokesman for the MIA (Baptist minister)
White radicals bombed King’s home and other civil rights’ houses, and some were fired from their job
King urged people to respond with non-violence
King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance “soul force”
civil disobedience, massive non-violent demonstrations
King remains nonviolent in face of violence after Brown decision
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC-1957): alliance of church-based African-American organizations dedicated to ending discrimination
By 1960, African-American students think pace of change too slow