Concepts of Integrated Pest Management Oregon State University

Concepts of Integrated Pest Management Oregon State University
Leonard Coop Assistant Research Professor Oregon State University Integrated Plant Protection Center 2040 Cordley Hall Corvallis, Oregon

Losses Due to Pests start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Worldwide losses due to insects, weeds, and plant diseases amount to $230 billion annually (1995) In the US, losses amount to $19.4 billion annually: Insects: $5.8 billion Plant Diseases: $6.6 billion Weeds: $7.0 billion The world pesticide industry is around $59 bill/yr, US alone is around $12 bill/yr (2016) Evaluation

Why IPM (why no silver bullet)?
Pest resistance to pesticides (insects, weeds, plant diseases) Emergence of secondary pests when pesticides disrupt beneficial organisms aka “secondary pest outbreaks” Impact of pesticides on beneficial organisms and nontarget species, pest resurgence Environmental concerns stemming from misuse of pesticides Economic incentives (improve yields, lower pest control costs)

Philosophy of Integrated Pest Management
start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Multidisciplinary science, practiced in context with other crop production techniques, like soil fertility and irrigation management A holistic (systems) approach to pest management Preventive strategies over prescriptive tactics Long term management over short term control Target key pests with non-disruptive solutions and thus avoid secondary pest outbreaks Monitoring, decision making, control tactics, and evaluation are also components to IPM Evaluation

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT Components
Control start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Prevention These components are all required for IPM Feedback allows continuous improvements to all components Decision Making Monitoring Evaluation

NRCS IPM Cost Share & Incentives
start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? IPM consultants & Extension have focus on Efficacy and Economics. NRCS has focus on Environmental risks and appropriate mitigation strategies. But all three of these must be integrated into final pest management decisions. Together, we must deliver an integrated message and provide appropriate incentives for implementing reduced risk alternatives. Evaluation

Field layout/timing Resistant/non- susceptible cultivars Certified seed Conservation biological control Eliminate alternate host plants Field/equipment sanitation Cultural practices Control start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Prevention Decision Making Monitoring Evaluation

Conservation Biological Control e. g
Conservation Biological Control e. g. border plantings, cover crops, careful weed management start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Evaluation

Evaluation start w/definition of IPM
if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Evaluation

Control start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Prevention Regular field inspections/mapping Weather data Meaningful IDs of pests and beneficials Sampling technologies Record keeping Sharing data with neighbors/regionally Decision Making Monitoring Evaluation

Sampling pattern Sample a) randomly vs. b) stratified
a) every unit w/same chance of inspection b) focus on efficiency with known biases Spread-out samples across entire field insects seldom occur evenly across fields Examine every field infestation levels can vary w/in 1 field, let alone among several different fields

{ IDEALIZED SAMPLE random unbiased efficient HIGH precision
HIGH accuracy

REAL WORLD SAMPLES LOW precision HIGH precision
LOW accuracy LOW accuracy -nonrandom -biased -more efficient -random -unbiased -less efficient

Control start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Prevention Use Economic Injury Levels and action thresholds Know potential crop losses (risks) Know the control option costs and efficacies Compute benefit /cost ratio of control Decision Making Monitoring Evaluation

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
economic injury level EIL - pest density where cost of pest control = benefits of pest control = value of damage prevented - break-even decision rule economic threshold ET - time to take control action to prevent pest population from increasing above EIL = “action threshold”

Infestation Level EIL ET spray May June July August without control
DO NOT SPRAY with control May June July August

ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS www.ag.uidaho.edu/pmc/main.htm

IPPC Degree-Day Models including
Spotted Wing Drosophila & 100+ others: USPEST.ORG 23 23

Degree-day Definitions
Used for insects, plants, plant diseases, any process largely driven by temperature It is the integration of temperature over time Several models require hourly data; most insects: daily data Fireblight degree-days: 4-day running degree-day total Heating and Cooling degree-days: used by the power industry Codling moth model: 50F lower threshold, 86F upper threshold (SWD pretty much the same) Isomate C+ model: 32F lower threshold 24

Degree-day calcs – method varies:
Simple avg: (daily max + min)/2 – low threshold How fast are they going? Single triangle compared with typical daily fluctuation 25

Weather and Degree-day Concepts
Degree-day models: accumulate a daily "heat unit index" (DD total) until some event is expected (e. g. egg hatch) Eggs start developing: 0 DDs 152 126 26 20 106 22 84 14 70 32 Eggs hatch: 152 cumulative DDs 38 18 cumulative: 20 daily: 20 70o(avg)-50o(threshold)=20DD 26

Main Webpages: USPEST.ORG
Home Page For models Interface to Degree-Day Models (run 1 model) Integrative interface – 100+ models on one page 27 27

New interface to 100+ DD Models – e.g. Codling Moth
uspest.org/dd/model?spp=cl2 Google maps for location selection Select Model Category such as “apple and pear” Select Model “Codling moth revised 06” New model preview section Click Calc Button 28 28

Codling Moth model Comparison 2015 M-F Region
1) WSU Jones et al “no biofix” model (2008) 2) Knight (V2) model (2006) 3) Traditional Brunner et al model (1986) Year of comparison: 2015 Station: Brown Fuji Est 1st catch/ biofix 1st Gen. est 1% egg hatch 1st Gen 50% egg hatch 2nd Gen est 5-7% egg hatch WSU “no biofix” Mar 29 May 2 June 2 NA Knight V2 model Biofix set at Apr 10 May 7 May 31 Jun 21 Brunner et al 1986 Set at Apr 10 May 9 May 24 Jun 25 29

Lets talk about pheromones: CM MD
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Is Climate having an effect on Codling Moth Populations?
31

32

Some Points on Mating Disruption:
Area-wide Approach Required MD should be applied on all nearby orchards; cooperation mandatory MD dispensers usually not formulated for a 3rd Generation Consider 2nd application in early August We have a MD dispenser life model – it predicted control only through mid-sept (2014 & 2015) Some MD dispensers sensitive to UV light Would the apple scald model apply to MD dispensers as well? MD under zero-to-low population pressure: no mating MD under low-to-medium population pressure: delayed and reduced mating MD under medium-to-high population pressure: Some reduced/delayed mating, need for regular pesticide program on top of MD 33

Codling Moth Mating Disruption:
WA State: over 90% of acreage under MD MD should be applied on all nearby orchards MD dispensers usually not formulated for a 3rd Generation Consider 2nd application in early August We have an MD dispenser life model – it predicted control only through early to mid-Sept (2014 & 2015) MD dispensers reportedly sensitive to UV light! El- gonno! 34

35

sufficient Dds for 3 full/nearly full generations Not! Codling moth: ca Dds/generation 36

2014 high population 3rd gen Leading to very high initial 2015 population (also a very mild winter) 37

CAMP Codling Moth: MD lifetime vs. CM #generations
Year Isomate C+ Est Date 10% remain; 70% reduced1 CM Total Catch from 1 week before this date To end of trapping2 CM DDs on this date Est # CM generations 4/1-10/20 “end of season” 2010 10/22 2569 2.56 2011 10/23 2548 2.52 2012 10/9 2738 2.83 2013 9/25 49 2895 3.03 2014 9/17 39 2985 3.43 2015 9/18 286 2975 3.33 10yr avg 9/26 - - 2766 2.94 1Strong winds and high solar radiation can further shorten dispenser life 2End of trapping always before 9/30 so flight not fully monitored 38

Control start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Prevention Cultural Biological Biorational, Soft Conventional, Broad spectrum Spray timing, phenology models, other weather effects e.g. drift Decision Making Monitoring Evaluation

The PAMS approach to IPM
Prevention Prevent introduction to the farm, pest reservoirs, spread between fields Avoidance Avoid pest susceptible crops or practices that increase pest losses Monitoring Monitor and identify pests, manage sites of high pest risk and use decision support tools Suppression Cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods of suppressing pests

Balsam twig aphid, Giant conifer aphid
Tactic Method Effectiveness $$ Prevention Unknown (how do they enter fields/ natural hosts are widespread, derelict plantations?) Avoidance Douglas of Nordmann Fir less susceptible to aphids: barrier plantings might limit edge invasions Untested Monitoring & decision support Monitor for populations or signs of honeydew from early spring; determine if populations are increasing, and how widespread they are No economic thresholds, yet * Suppression (biological) Beauvaria basiana (Mycotrol) Predator and parasite conservation with insectary plantings (combined with selective pesticides) Natural enemy release (lacewings) *? ? Not tried, but very effective in perennial crops **Worked in 2/3 of fields MI ** Suppression (chemical) Note restrictions for aerial application, and SLN labels for some products Broad spectrum (toxic to beneficials): chlorpyrifos (Lorsban), oxydemeton-methyl (MSR), imidacloprid (Admire, Provado), dinotefuran (Safari), thiamethoxam (Flagship), esfenvalerate (Asana) Narrow spectrum, selective: pymetrozine (Endeavor), spirotetramat (Ultor, Movento) (may be toxic to predatory mites), soaps (M- pede) ** (but can promote outbreaks) **, but some new AI’s *-**

IpmPRiME: Christmas Tree Aphid Pesticide Toxicity to Natural Enemies

Aphid Pesticide Toxicity to Bees

IpmPRiME: Risks calculated using recommended application rates
Pesticide Bystander inhalation Aquatic risks, based on results for invertebrates, algae and fish Wildlife risks, based on results for small mammals and birds Admire, Provado LOW INTERMEDIATE Endeavor Lorsban HIGH M-pede MSR Ultor/Movento Safari Flagship Asana

SWD model predicting Overwintering mortality using chilling units
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Predicted OW survival of SWD at Walla Walla D6278 APRS
Winter season: Est Date 99.99% mortality or 10 out of 100,000 survive Est Date % mortality or 2 out of 100,000 survive Est Date % or 5 out of 1 million survive Relative rank (in killing off OW SWD): Feb 27 Apr 16 never average Jan 31 Feb 9 Mar 2 best Mar 1 worst Feb 17 Mar 7 ?? How concerned are you about SWD in your cherries here? They are very concerned in the Willamette Valley 46

Control start w/definition of IPM if it were possible to ask you each individually to define IPM, imagine there’d be as many definitions as there are people here at training session yet likely all share common elements -- broad ecosystems-level approach to pest control -- begins w/alternatives to conventional pesticides -- but joins those alternatives w/wise & judicious use of pesticides “wise & judicious” depends on 2 components: 1st systems of sampling pests [ “scouting” ] keeping tabs on pests present thresholds numeric guidelines [when to take control action // when NOT ] 2nd so-called “least toxic” [ lowest - risk ] pesticides [only kill target pest] least hazardous to human health / wildlife / other non-targets + low risk for contaminating environment 3 KEY POINTS OF DEFINITION 1st philosophy // way-of thinking about pest control vs some particular set of control practices there is NO SINGLE SPECIFICATION that fits all situations / no one-size-fits-all recipe for IPM instead -- quite literally 100’s potential elements 2nd consider term pest in broadest way possible insect / weed / pathogen / nematode / rodent literally any harmful organism human perspective 3rd ecosystems viewpoint recognize “pests” don’t exist in isolation / pest problems don’t arise as independent events rather part of ecosystem / ag pests governed by same ecological rules as natural systems implies attempts to control pest w/out regard for overall system can disrupt links & balances throughout system ignore? worsen problems w/another pest IPM perspective overall strategy vs focus on specific tactic or way of killing pest Can we design-out the pest from system??? How to modify pest habitat??? How to reduce environmental carrying capacity??? Enhance & restore natural checks & balances When DO intervene w/pesticides, how to least disrupt / most benign ??? Prevention Record Keeping Post-control Sampling On-farm Scientific Research -2 or more treatments -replicated sampling Fine-tuning Sharing results Decision Making Monitoring Evaluation

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Sampling & Thresholds determine need for reduce need for least-toxic Pesticides Cultural / Host Plant Resistance Biological enhance

Implementation of IPM Philosophy
These IPM components and principles together change the way we view pest control; from short term control with pesticides to long term management strategies involving multiple approaches that introduce more permanent solutions for pest suppressions

Concepts of Integrated Pest Management Oregon State University

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