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Structure and Function of Human Skin
Lianjun Chen Huashan Hospital
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Importance of the study of skin diseases
Common and prevalent diseases Skin beauty and health care reflection of the body health (paraneoplastic skin diseases) Sex Transmitted Disease(STD), AIDS, other contagious diseases
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OUTLINE Introduction of the Skin Microstructure of the skin
Epidermis The basement membrane zone Dermis Subcutis Appendageal Structure The function of the skin
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Introduction The single biggest organ in the body
Cover an average area of 1.5 m2 Varying thickness (0.4-4mm) Different color by the race, age, gender & location Perform many vital roles
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Microstructure of the skin
Epidermis Dermis Subcutis The basement membrane zone Appendageal Structure
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Epidermis Derived from ectoderm The celluar external layer
Keratinocyte non-keratinocyte Melanocyte Langerhans’ cell Merkel cell
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Keratinocytes stratum basale, basal cell layer
stratum spinosum, prickle cell layer stratum granulosum, granular layer stratum lucidum stratum corneum, horny layer
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Keratohyaline Granules
Epidermal keratinocytes-differentiation involve four phase to produce the cells of statum corneum; The time take from differentiation of the basal cell to shedding of the horny cell is approximately 28 days
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keratin + ─ tonofilament + ─ desmosome + ─ dendritic-shaped ─ +
keratinocyte non-keratinocyte keratin ─ tonofilament ─ desmosome ─ dendritic-shaped ─
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Function of the keratinocytes
Continuously producing keratin and forming horny layer to protect against various chemical and physical factors Participating immune response in the skin Secreting cytokines and helping to activate T lymphocytes
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Desmosome Attachment plates between adjacent keratinocytes in basal layer and prickle layer Desmosome transmembrane protein desmoglein,DG desmocollin,DC Desmosome cytoplasm plakin desmoplakin,DP plakoglobulin,PG
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Non-keratinocytes Melanocyte Langerhans cell Merkel cell
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Melanocytes Epidermal melanin unit Protective barrier against UV
melanocytes are derived from the nerual crest and reside in the basal layer Melanocytes are dendritic cells and contain large number of melanosomes Any one melanocyte is contact with keratinocytes through its dendrites, form the so-called epidermal melanin unit. Protective barrier against UV
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Langerhans’ cells Langerhans’ cells are originate in bone marrow. They exist in the epidermis above the basal layer . They are characterized by a folded nucleus and distinct intracytoplasmic organelles called Birbeck granules,resembling a tennis racquet. Recognition, uptake, processing, and presentation of antigens to sensitized T lymphocytes. without keratin filament or desmosomes.
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Langerhans’ Granules
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Birbeck granules
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Merkel cells a kind of neurosecretory cell
located directly above the basement membrane and closely associated with neurites, so called Merkel cell-axon complex.
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Basement membrane zone
The base of basal cell containing hemidesmosome The lamina lucida A clear zone crossed by a fine network of anchoring filaments, largely composed of the structural protein laminin The lamina densa An electron dense band, largely composed of type IV collagen The reticular lamina(collagen VII)
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Dermis Derived from mesoderm Papillary dermis & reticular dermis
Connective tissue Collagen, elastic fiber, reticulum fiber matrix (mucopolysaccharides) blood vessel, lymphatics, nerve ending Appendageal sructure apocrine gland, eccrine gland, sebaceous gland, hair follicle, nail, et al
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Subcutis It consist largely of fat tranversed by nerves and blood vessels. The name implies that it is not properly the part of the skin, however, it could be an integrated whole as for the function.
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Appendages Hair follicles Sebaceous glands Pilosebaceous units
Sweat glands Eccine glands Apocrine glands Nails Pilosebaceous units
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Hair follicles Classification Terminal hair
Scalp,axillae, pubic,beard eyebrow,eyelash,vibrissa Vellus lanugo
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Hair Anatomy Infundibulum – surface to entrance of sebaceous duct
Isthmus – sebaceous duct to pilar muscle insertion Lower segment – Stem,Bulb (matrix and papilla) Perifollicular sheath (mesenchyme)
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Infundibulum Isthmus Arrector pili muscle Stem Bulb
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anagen catagen telogen
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Sebaceous glands Distribute throughout all skin sites except palms and soles,greatest abundant on scalp, face,middle part of the body and vulvae. Always associated with upper portion of the hair follicles Reach skin surface,such as vermilion border of the lip(Fordyce’s spots) areolas(Montgomery’s tubercles) prepuce(Tyson’s glands) eyelids(Meibomian’s glands) Production of sebum
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Eccrine glands Distribution: almost all skin site
Exclude the vermilion border of the lip, nympha, phallus, glans, flexion side of prepuce and nail beds most abundant on the palms, soles and axillae Reach to skin surface directly Under psychological and thermal control
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Eccrine glands Composition of the eccrine gland
Coil gland is composed of a single layer of cells with two types: pale cell and darker-staining cell and regulated by cholinergic nerve The duct is composed of a double layer of basophilic epithelial cells and divided into intraepidermal component and intradermal component
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Function of the eccrine gland
Dissipate excessive body heat Soften horniness Acidify sweat Take place of partial renal function Emulsify lipid Secrete immunoglobulin : ⑴
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Apocrine glands Distribution: generally confined to axillae, areolae and the anogenital region. reach to the hair follicle instead of skin surface Becoming active at puberty Producing a protein-rich secretion , sometimes gives out a characteristic odour.
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Nails Consist of a dense plate of hardened keratin between 0.3 and 0.5mm thick The nail is made up of a nail bed, nail matrix and a nail plate. The thickened epidermis which underlies the free margin of the nail at the proximal end is called the hyponychium. Fingernails grow at 0.1 mm per day; the toenails more slowly.
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Skin is the largest organ in the body by weight and surface area.
Skin is composed by three layers : epidermis , dermis and subcutis. Epidermis is the outer layer composed mainly of keratinocytes but also melannocytes and Langerhan’s cells. Dermis is a supportive connective tissue layer comprised mainly of collogen but also containing elastin embbed in a matrix of mucopolysaccharides.
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Hairs are ketatinized tubes emerging from invaginations of the epidermis called follicles.
Sebaceous glands deliver sebum into follicle lubricating the hair surface. Eccrine sweat glands are found almost over the entire skin surface and innervated by the sympathetic nervous system,responding to temperature/psychological changes. Apocrine sweat glands are localized (axillae, nipples,perineum,scalp) and androgen-sensitive. Nails, like hair, are made largely of keratin.
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Function of the skin As a barrier Sensation
Provides a protective barrier to: mechanical,thermal,and other physical injury the ingress of noxious agents the excessive loss of moisture and protein(if the skin absent or seriously compromised) The harmful effect of ionizing radiation especially ultraviolet radiation Sensation Rich in nerve ending and specialized sensory receptor
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Function of the skin Thermoregulation Immunological surveillance
Skin is the principle organ of heat control Immunological surveillance Contains immunologically component cells Biochemical reaction Vitamin D synthesis Involved in androgen degradation and others Social and sexcial communication Disorders of the skin such as dicoloration may cause tremendous stress of human, impair the individual’s sense of well-being and self-worth.
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From 12th .Oct, practice time
Some pictures are from Mosby’s Color Atlas and Textbook of Dermatology. These cannot be copied without the pemission of the publisher, only used in self-learning. Web address of this curriculum From 12th .Oct, practice time Place of Assembly: dermatopathology Unit, floor 3, building 6, Huashan Hospital Time of Assembly: 1:30 p.m. Tel: Lianjun Chen
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Thanks for your attention!
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