Human Body System Unit one.

Human Body System Unit one

Systems What is a system? What is an example of a non-living system?
How does a malfunction in one part affect the whole system? Give a few examples of how human body systems work together. Name the eleven human body systems An organized, purposeful structure that consists of interacting, interrelated and interdependent elements that are organized for a common purpose forming a complex whole. Amazon ordering system Someone or computer program takes the order, gathers the order . Packs the order, arrange shipping, load on truck, deliver to door. Or Owensboro Health System. The human body respiratory system takes in O2 CV system delivers the O2 and nutrient, and removes waste. GI and Renal systems rid the body of waste.

Human Body Systems Integumentary system, Skeletal system,
Muscular system, Nervous system, Endocrine system, Cardiovascular system, Lymphatic system and immunity, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Urinary system, Reproductive system

Examples of Amazing Facts
By donating one pint of blood 4 lives can be saved The human heart beats roughly 35 million times a year It is not possible to tickle yourself your brain warns the rest of the body and by doing so your brain will ignore this sensation

Activity 1.1.1 Amazing Facts
Get with your Manikin partner Students will randomly draw your system Your group assignment is to focus on and find “Amazing Facts” about those systems Follow your Activity directions

PowerPoint Presentations
Activity Amazing Facts List the major organs in your systems on your body organizer Discuss top five Amazing Facts for each system Think about how your Primary System can act like a Secondary System Create your Presentation to present to the class. Post to your Web Portfolio (Instruction for creating Web Portfolio is on the Weebly)

Essential Question In what ways do the parts of the human body system work together to carry out a specific function? In what ways do different human body systems work together to complete specific functions?

Activity 1.1.2 Where ?? How do you give someone directions?
How do you explain location or directions on the human body? Present on wed ask a student to give directions from OCTCS to high school

Our Manikins Equipment Documents Manikins Post-it Flags
Colored Pencils Documents Activity 1.1.2 Adoption Certificates Body Organizer This ativity deals with directional an regional terms. Terms we will use the whole year so get very familiar with them.

Working with Manikins Assemble Manikin
Name your Manikin-place your manikin’s name on the base with masking tape Complete Adoption Certificates Place a family photo of the 3 of you on your WebPortfoio Always store manikins in there proper place All Manikins look the same now but will soon take on their own personalities.

Activity 1.1.2 Pair Up with your Manikin Partner Brainstorm
Complete Activity 1.1.2

Key Terms

Essential Question How can directional terms and regional terms help describe location in the body? What features of structure and function are common to all humans?

Lesson Identity The basic processes of the human body unites us as humans, but it is the tiny differences in our appearance tissues cells genetic make up which make us truly unique

Lesson 1.2 Identity Supply List
Manikins Clay &Clay tools Colored Pencils Microscope Tissue Slides Body System Organizer -Skeletal View Activity 1.2.1 Microscope Resource Sheet Inspiration

Downloading Inspiration
For windows, go to this link, For Macintosh go to this link, 14-digit subscription license: 2633D1237J9601

What are the levels of human organization?
Systems (What makes up systems) Organs (What makes up Organs) Tissues

Tissue When you think of human identity, what comes to mind
At the beginning of the week we discussed systems and organ structures that are common to all humans. Over the year we will be looking at processes that occur in all of our bodies. But what makes us special?

Tissue Basics Tissues –
are groups of cells that are similar in structure that work together to perform a specific function. There are four main tissue types: Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle Nervous tissue

Epithelium Epithelium or epithelial tissue,
forms the linings, coverings, and glandular tissue of the body. One type of epithelium forms the outer layer of the skin Another type of epithelium lines the air sacs of the lungs Cells in epithelium are packed tightly together to form continuous sheets

Connective Tissue Connective tissue protects, supports, and binds together other body tissues. Connective tissue is made up of different types of cells in varying amounts of a nonliving substance around the cells, called the matrix. Examples of connective tissue include: Bone Cartilage Adipose tissue (fat) Blood??? Really, how

Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is specialized to contract and cause movement. There are three main types of muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Give Examples of the location and function of each muscle type? Smooth muscle is found in the bladder, blood vessels, uterus and are involuntary muscle that you cannot consciously control this muscle. These muscles are under the control of autonomic nervous system. They are small and arranged in long, flat layers to contract in all directions.

Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue is composed of specialized cells called neurons that receive and send electrical signals in the body. Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and transmits impulses and together with supporting cells, makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Essential Questions What are the main types of tissue in the human body? How does the structure of a type of human tissue relate to its function in the body?

Activity 1.2.1 Pair up Complete Part 1 only Concept Map
View prepared slides Link for more slide views

What role does tissue play in the identity of the human?”
Facial features

Activity 1.2.1 Part II Giving your Maniken a Face
Complete through question 15 Discuss proper use of clay and tools and Manikin Rules Let’s create a face- Using Teacher Building Instructions Compare Manikins

Key Terms Adipose tissue- Connective tissue in which fat is stored and which has the cells distended by droplets of fat Connective Tissue- Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix Epithelial Tissue- Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities Tissue- An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function

Essential Question How does the distribution and structure of different types of tissue in the body contribute to personal identity. “What are the functions of the human skeletal system?”

Human Skeletal System Remember bones are a type connective tissue
What do you know about the skeletal system Name this bone

Activity 1.2.2 Supply List Computer with internet
Anatomy in Clay Maniken Body System graphic Organizer (Skeletal View) Colored pencils

Activity 1.2.2 Skeleton Scavenger Hunt
Research the listed bones Label you Manikins Quiz yourself/partner

Project 1.2.3 What are the functions of the human skeletal system?”
Support the body Works with muscles for movement Protects internal organs BUT also Tell a story about age, gender, height, ethnicity “What are the main bones of the human skeletal system for Identity ”

Project 1.2.3 Read the Introduction
Review Learning from Bones . Located on your activity. Develop Career Journal- Forensic Anthropologist Forensic Video Female anthropologist shows bone age clues

Project 1.2.3 Bone Detectives
We will determine proximal age, height, gender and race of our victims. Race and Ethnicity broken into 3 race models Mongoloid (Asian) is an anthropological term for a group that includes Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, Tibetan, Eskimo and some Native Americans. Negroid (Black) is a classification including Sub-Saharan African and Afro-Caribbean peoples and their descendants. Caucasoid (White) refers to people of Anglo or Caucasian descent from Europe, parts of North Africa, Western Asia and India and their descendants.

Each group will use the laminated instruction sheets to take measurements of the bone at each station Split into three teams- Each team will need a copy of Project Student Data Sheet You will determine the Age Race Sex Height 2 students at each station to gather measurements of: Skull Femur Pelvis Humerus Tibia

Essential Question What is forensic anthropology and how does the field relate to human body systems? How can features of bone be used to determine information about a person’s gender, ethnicity, age, or stature?

Data forensic anthropologist, Diane France watch 10min50sec then again at 34min

Work in your group come to consensus of traits and measurements Determine as much as you can about the person. Discuss findings with your group Once gender and ethnicity are decided, use the equations to estimate height. If there is disagreement you may need to go back to specific bones and re-measure Once consensus- you will develop a formal cast report 1 219 century classification hall of shame. Pigeon holed a whole group of people into one category Caucasoid= Europe near east Egypt Mongoloid+ far east and native Americans Negroid+ Africa except Egypt. These take out a lot of populations in the world. Now anthropology says we have European ancestry, African ancestry, Native American ancestry, eastern European ancestry, western African ancestry. Some have very different features and have to be careful lumping them all into one category. Also with more cross racial birth there is a mixing of the ancestry that causes a blending of feathers. Quantitative Data=Quantitative data is a numerical measurement expressed not by means of a natural language description, but rather in terms of numbers Qualitative=expressed not in terms of numbers, but rather by means of a natural language description. In statistics, it is often used interchangeably with "categorical" data.

Formal Case Report Introduction: Provide a brief case description.
Items you may want to include Your team. “ A group of 6 highly trained and experienced forensic anthropologist” Bones your were presented with Where bones were found Tools used, guidelines followed Steps taken to identify individual 8/16/2013

Summary of Findings: Provide evidence and support for your findings.
NOTE: do not list every measurement or observation as evidence. You may want to make a table of your findings Think about your analysis as a whole and describe how combined data led you to a conclusion. Discuss any inconsistencies in the data and address the limitations of these methods in determining identity 8/16/2013

Data Table 8/16/2013

Further Analysis Read the FBI file on facial reconstruction
Discuss how the technique of facial reconstruction could be used in this case. Research and report on at least two other tests/types of analysis that can be completed using the bone samples. What can be learned from these tests? How can this information be used to identify the missing? 8/16/2013

Conclusion Sum up the case findings
Provide clear concise and logical conclusion Add recommendations for the next steps of the investigation in paragraphs form Mention the type of data used 8/16/2013

DATA What Type of Data did you use? 8/16/2013

DATA What is the differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Quantitative research generates numerical data or information that can be converted into numbers. Qualitative = Research that generates non-numerical data such as opinion's, like smoothness, appearances 8/16/2013

Project 1.2.3 Now that the bones have told us a bit about our missing person, what can we use to further our investigation to make a final identification?” Cells DNA. 8/16/2013

Key Terms Axial Skeleton- The skeleton of the trunk and head.
Appendicular Skeleton- Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton Femur- The proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that is the longest and largest bone in the human body, extends from the hip to the knee Forensic Anthropology- The branch of physical anthropology in which anthropological data, criteria, and techniques are used to determine the sex, age, genetic population, or ancestry of skeletal or biological materials in questions of civil or criminal law Humerus-The longest bone of the upper arm or forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow

Key Terms Pelvis-A basin-shaped structure in the skeleton of many vertebrates that is formed by the pelvic girdle together with the sacrum and often various coccygeal and caudal vertebrae and that in humans is composed of the two hip bones bounding it on each side and in front while the sacrum and coccyx complete it behind Skull- The skeleton of the head forming a bony case that encloses and protects the brain and chief sense organs and supports the jaws Tibia- The inner and usually larger of the two bones of the leg between the knee and ankle that articulates above with the femur and below with the talus -- called also shinbone

Activity 1.2.4 Height Estimations from Bones
In the 1950’s Dr. Mildred Trotter developed mathematical formulas that correlated body height to the length of ones extremities. To Complete Parts I - Pair into groups of 2 You will measure your height in cm and then the femur, humerus, and radius bones in cm to calculate your height. Like in criminal investigations an estimated range of height is given. Like 5’9” to 6’2” Use the + and – formulas to get your error value for minimal and maximal height range.

Activity 1.2.4 Height Estimations from Bones
Part II You will use a formula specific to Gender and Ethnicity. Part III Use an Excel file you will develop Your Own Formula. Follow Instructions provided under the Resource Tab Then Answer “How well do these equations work?” What equation was most accurate?

Essential Question Revisited
How does the distribution and structure of different types of tissue in the body contribute to personal identity.

Key Terms Agarose A polysaccharide obtained from seaweed that is used as the supporting medium in gel electrophoresis. Biometrics The measurement and analysis of unique physical or behavioral characteristics (as fingerprint or voice patterns) especially as a means of verifying personal identity. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

Key Terms Gel electrophoresis
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. Restriction enzyme A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes).

Story Set Up You have identified the bones you were presented to sex, age, race, ethnicity. DNA inside the bone holds the KEY to true identity 2 families have just come forward to inform the department that the information you provided has opened the case of their loved one. The families want to provide DNA from their loved one to be analyzed against the DNA of the bones found and identified in your report. 8/16/2013

Lesson Story Set Up Approximately 1cc of the DNA sample was taken from Skeletal remains and labeled The pieces were stored in EtOH and frozen -20°C Samples were transported to OCTC in refrigerated containers for genetic analysis

Restriction Enzymes you will use restriction enzymes to allow us to visualize differences in the DNA. Like molecular scissors they cut the DNA in each sample, gel electrophoresis is then used to analyze the pattern of bands that are left behind. DNA work takes care and precision. Work carefully to identify these individuals and finally give their families some peace. 8/16/2013

DNA Name sources of DNA evidence Skin cells Hair Blood Semen
Old tissue such as bone but amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Lesson 1.3 Identity- Molecules and Cells
What level of organization comes below tissues. CELLS Now- Figuratively zoom in on the cell and describe the genetic material found inside the cell. Chromosome Gene Protein DNA

Chromosome 23 pairs considered the building blocks of the human body.
long pieces of DNA found in the center (nucleus) of cells. function based on the precise structure of the organelle that carries out that function.

Genes A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism. the functional unit of heredity, passed from parent to offspring through mitosis. pieces of DNA, that contain the information for making a specific protein and thus cells Hot tip : genetic info is coded in DNA by a sequence of Nucleotides 8/16/2013

Protein constructed from 20 amino acids, like long necklaces with different shaped beads. To become active, proteins must twist and fold into their final conformation Those in donut shaped form a complete ring around the DNA to regulate the activity of genetic material. This DNA polymerase III cinches around DNA and moves along the strands as it copies the genetic material.

DNA DNA is like an architect's blueprint.
Think of it as an Owner's Manual for your body. May want to remember: DNA is made of 2 components, Phosphate molecules and deoxyribose sugars.

DNA unique code of over 3 billion base pairs
only 1/10 of 1% differs from person to person provide a genetic blueprint of an individual. Function is coding for proteins holds the instructions for development & reproduction “its survival” transfers genetic messages to all other cells in the body

Practice Loading a Gel…
Practice filling each well Wear Gloves throughout Don’t contaminate with your DNA Don’t poke holes in gel Don’t create air bubbles Keep the plunger depressed until after you have raised the micropipettor away from the gel

Practice Loading Gels Most common loading problems
taking up too much sample with the micropipettor, taking up air in addition to the sample, not completely expelling the sample, sucking the sample out of the well once placed, poking the pipette tip through the bottom of the gel well.

Practice Loading a Gel…
Set fake gel into casting trey Secure casting trey into chamber well- line up the notch Pour water into chamber until it fills BOTH ends and covers gel completely Micropipette Secure tip until “click” Set measurement and pick-up uL of practice loading dye Don’t push plunger all the way down on Pipette Stop at 1st stop

Part 1 DNA Digestion w Restriction Enzymes - Day 1 of Lab
1. Obtain 4 micro-centrifuge tubes 2. Label tubes 1-4 with some way to ID them later. Very Important: Note the content of each tube in your lab journal. You will need to know what is in each tube. Don’t get them mixed up!!! 3 Dispense DNA and Enzymes into 4 tubes as instructed in activity. 4. Incubate in 37 ̊ water bath X 45 to 60 min. 5. Begin Student Resource Sheet.

Essential Question What is the structure and function of DNA
How does DNA differ from person to person What role does DNA play in our Identity

How to Use a Micropipettor
Place a new tip on the micropipettor, being careful to not touch the tip to any surface. Depress the plunger to the first stop and hold it in this position. Dip the tip of the micropipettor into the top of the solution to be transferred. Gradually release the plunger and draw the fluid into the tip, making sure to keep the tip in the solution. Slide the pipet tip out along the inside wall of the reagent tube to dislodge any excess droplets adhering to the outside of the tip. Check to make sure there are no air bubbles in the sample in the tip. If there are air bubbles, expel the sample using the directions below and restart procedure.

How to Use a Micropipettor
Insert the tip of the micropipettor into the area in which you want to expel the liquid. Slowly depress the plunger to the first stop to expel the sample and continue to depress the plunger to the second stop to ensure all of the liquid is expelled. Hold the plunger in the depressed position. Slide the micropipettor out with the plunger depressed. Do not release the plunger from the depressed position to avoid sucking any liquid back into the tip. Once the tip is out of the liquid, release the plunger. Eject the tip into the proper disposal area by pressing down on the tip-ejector button

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) What is it?
A Biochemical technique used to amplify the number of copies of a specific region of DNA generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in order to be adequately tested. Named after the enzyme, polymerase, which copies DNA in cells. It’s a chain reaction because multiple events occur in succession, over and over again in the same sequential order. Each time the series of events is completed, one cycle has been completed.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Some of the uses of PCR: Cloning Diagnosis of hereditary diseases Paternity testing Diagnosis of infectious diseases Forensic sciences

Restriction Enzymes A B Polymorphism = Difference in length of fragments Restriction Enzymes are derived from bacteria with the ability to cut DNA from invading organisms such as a viruses, before the virus takes control of the cell

Gel Electrophoresis DNA is obtained from the skeletal remain
Gene is amplified by PCR DNA is cut in specific places by the use of restriction enzymes. The restriction enzyme recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA Restriction enzymes are derived from Bacteria

Gel Electrophoresis What is it?
The process where DNA can is separated according to size and electrical charge by applying an electric current to them. The current forces the molecules through pores in a thin layer of gel. DNA is negatively charged so it runs toward the positive pole

Why DNA electrophoresis
To visualize the DNA fragments and sort them according to size DNA samples are loaded into a gel and exposed to electrical currents Fragments run through the gel at different rates smaller = faster

Activity 1.3.1 Resources Activity 1.3.1. Student Response Sheet
Student read Introduction

Tools of electrophoresis
Gloves throughout Lab Power source Chamber & casting trey Agarose gel with wells TAE Buffer Distilled H20 Micropipette and tips Dye Light box DNA Samples

Part 2 Electrophoresis of Restriction Fragments- Day 2 of lab
1. Obtain your 4 tubes 2. Heat samples plus the DNA marker and DNA extracted from bone for 2 min at 65 degrees C 3. While cooling practice loading gels 4. Draw diagram in lab journal Clearly indicating which sample is in each well.

Journal Labeling Guide
Lane 1 Standard DNA Marker Lane 2 DNA from Bone cut w Enzyme 1 Lane 3 DNA from bone cut w Enzyme 2 Lane 4 Missing person 1 w Lane 5 Missing person 1 w Enzyme 2 Lane 6 Missing person 2/Enzyme 1 Lane 7 Missing person 2/Enzyme 2

Ready to Go Place gel in tray, and tray in chamber.
Be sure the wells are at the negative end of the gel and the tray is secure in the notch Fill with TAE Buffer, cover gel completely Fill the wells with the corresponding sample Copy table in notes!!!!

Special Notes Be sure the voltage is set at 150 and the timer is set for 15 minutes Check polarity! Be sure the DNA sample is at top of the negative pole (black) and will run down toward the positive Alarm will sound after 15 minutes…check back every 2-5 min if incomplete Turn off the power supply when the dye is near the bottom edge of the gel Be careful to not allow the dye to run off the edge of the gel

Polarity If the polarity is backwards, the DNA will migrate out of the well and off the short end of the gel. If the mistake is caught in time, the polarity can be reversed and the DNA will migrate back into the well and then through the longer portion of the gel.

Staining The DNA fragments are then stained with a dye and can be observed as lines or bands in the gel when view on a light box.

Gel Staining Often the DNA fragment bands can be observed directly after electrophoresis without further treatment. If the bands are faint or appear to be missing, the gel can be soaked in the diluted Carolina Blue dye for 30 minutes and then washed with distilled water

Results of DNA electrophoresis
8/16/2013

Don’t Go Past Here

Results of DNA electrophoresis
You will actually find that the gel results show that both of the missing persons match the DNA fingerprint of the DNA from bone digested with Enzyme 1 NOTE that Lane D and F are the same ad B. (see the example gel picture below). If you only cut with 1 enzyme you may come up with incorrect data.

Results You will have to look to the results for Enzyme 2 to make their final conclusions regarding identity. Gel results show that when using a second restriction enzyme on the same DNA, only one Restriction Fragment Length matches that from the bone sample.

Essential Question How can tools of molecular biology be used to compare the DNA of 2 individuals? What are restriction enzymes? What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms?

Gel Electrophoresis Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab
DNA Interactive: Gel Electrophoresis

Steps in Gel electrophoresis
8/16/2013

Essential Question What is gel electrophoresis and how can the results of this technique be interpreted?

Gel Electrophoresis Analyze the DNA Discuss results and conclusions
Conclusion Questions

Activity 1.3.2 Careers in Identity
Introduces Activity Careers in Identity. Career Journal for Forensic Anthropologist Distribute the Biomedical Sciences Documentation Protocol and review documentation of their sources. Distribute Rubric and go over grading Students complete Activity individually.

Documenting Your Sources
Gives your work credibility Allows reader to look up sources to obtain more information Citation gives credit to original author. Source is documented in 2 places in APA style. 1st, In the text and 2nd at the end of document in the reference list.

Project Who Are You In this project you will be a team of 3 to design a security plan using biometrics for your new Client. Using: Power Point Presentation Oral Presentation Answering any questions Convince you client to buy Brain storm: What body systems are involved in Biometric Techniques.

Essential Questions How can the field of biometrics be used to verify and protect identity?

Biometrics and DNA Discuss Ethical Issues in biometrics and the use of biology in identity. Discuss how DNA can be used in biometrics. Debate how close we are to Identifying people in an instant using DNA sample.

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