1. Romanesque Art Professor A. D’Ascoli
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Professor A. D’Ascoli

2. Middle Ages
1088- University of Bologna created first college and first medical school in Europe
1099 – First Crusade – Deux le volt! Bu Pope Urban II
1100 – Latin translation of Arabic medicinal practices
1117 – University of Oxford Founded
1122 – Concordat of Worms between Henry V and Pope Calixtus II
1123 – First Lateran Council
1139 – Second Lateran Council – declares clerical marriages invalid
– Second Crusade

3. 1144 – Gothic Era begins with rebuilding of Basilica of St Denis
1150 – University of Paris created
– Gothic Period in Middle Ages
1154 – Common Law written out by Henry II England
1163 – Notre Dame in Paris is begun
1176 – Battle of Legnano – Frederick Barbarossa is defeated by Lombard League – first battle infantry defeated cavalry; changes warfare for ever
1179 – Third Lateran Council – forbids simony, pope only elected by cardinals
1185 – First windmills
1187 – Saladin recaptures Jerusalem form Crusaders

4. Middle Ages 1189-1192 Third Crusade – did not recapture Jerusalem
1193 – First merchant guild forms
1199 – First European compasses used
– Fourth Crusade – attacked Croatia and Constantinople instead of Holy land
1206 – Genghis Khan (Temujin) elected Khagan of Mongols; Mongol Empire established led by its army called the Golden Horde
1208 – Albigensian Crusade – Innocent III calls a crusade against a rival form of Christianity (Cathars) in France
1209 – University of Cambridge founded
1209 – Franciscan Order of monks founded
1215 – Dominican Order of monks (domini cane – God’s dogs) founded. Would lead the Inquisition

5. Middle Ages
1212 – Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa – Spanish defeat the Moors as the Reconquista continues
June 15, 1215 – Magna Carta is signed by King John, limiting king’s powers – first document of its kind
1215 – Fourth Lateran Council – Jews and Muslims should wear special identification marks in Christian lands; transubstantiation decided
– Mongol invasion of Rus(sia)
1258 – Mongol invasions end Islamic Golden Age;control Persia and also invade Vietnam
– Ninth Crusade – last major crusade in Holy Land – fails
1274 – Thomas Aquinas publishes Summa Theologica
1295 – The Model Parliament is formed in England, it would later divide into the House of Lords and the House of Commons in modern England

6. Middle ages
1297 – Battle of Stirling Bridge – William Wallace leads the Scots to defeat British
1298 – Marco Polo publishes tales of China and the Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan
July 27, 1299 – Ottoman Empire created by Osman I
Friday, October 13, 1307 – Knights Templar rounded up and murdered by Philip the Fair of France with backing of Pope Clement V
– Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy, pope forced to move to Avignon in France by French king Philip II the Fair
1310 – Dante publishes Divine Comedy
1337 – Hundred Year War (116 years) Begins between England and France

7. August 26, 1346 – Battle of Crecy – English longbow wins the day although outnumbered 4 to 1 against the French, the ‘middle finger’ as a defiant gesture is invented
– Black Death (bubonic plague) kills 20-40% of Europe
1378 – Western Schism – three popes at same time
1380 – Canterbury tales written by Chaucer
14th century – Petrarch re-introduces the humanities to Europe – becomes “father of humanism”

8. Middle ages epics King Arthur – England
Reading: Le Morte d’Arthur Book 13, Ch 2 and 3 by Sir Thomas Mallory -
El Cid – Spain
Nibelungelied – Germany
Song of Roland – France
Reading: The Song of Roland CLX-CLXIII -
These epics led to ideas of national identity and brought disparate people in the same regions together (early form of nationalism)

9. Slide concept by Anthony F
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

10. Romanesque Art Characteristics
Rounded arches
Thick walls
Small windows
Distorted shapes
Dark interiors
Arched vaults
Clerestory windows

11. Romanesque Art

12. Romanesque Art
Pisa Baptistery, Cathedral and Campanile (Bell Tower) – Campo dei Miracoli CE
Pisa, Italy
Late Romanesque style developing into Gothic with use of Byzantine influences
Note pointed arches and thin columns with ornate sculptural details – foreshadow Gothic Era

13. Interior of Pisa Cathedral Pisa, Italy
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
The interior also at first suggests the basilica, with its timber rather than vaulted ceiling and nave arcade of reused Roman columns in unbroken procession.
Above the colonnade is a continuous horizontal molding, on which the gallery arcades rest.
The striped walls of alternating dark green and cream-colored marble provide a luxurious polychromy that became a hallmark of Tuscan Romanesque and Gothic buildings.
Interior of Pisa Cathedral
Pisa, Italy
cathedral begun 1063
Italian Romanesque here is almost Gothic in style

14. Pisa Cathedral campanile Pisa, Italy
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
The cathedral, its freestanding bell tower, and the baptistery, where infants and converts were initiated into the Christian community, present a rare opportunity to study a coherent group of three Romanesque buildings.
Construction of Pisa Cathedral began first-in 1063, the same year work began on saints Mark’s in Venice.
The cathedral is large, five aisled, and one of the most impressive and majestic of all Romanesque churches.
Pisa Cathedral campanile
Pisa, Italy
begun 1174
Better known as La Torre Pendente (Leaning Tower)

15. Romanesque Florentine Baptistery (Baptistery of St. John) 1059-1128
Florence, Italy
Octagon since the number 8 represents regeneration in Christian symbolic art
Known for its three sets of bronze doors

17. Romanesque Art Cathedral of St. Francis 1228-1253 Assisi, Italy
Combines Romanesque and Gothic features
It has an upper and lower church and a crypt where St. Francis’ body lies
Frescoes in the Church are by famous medieval painters like Cimabue and Giotto
Recently rebuilt after major earthquake a few years ago

19. romanesque Cathedral of St. James Compostela (Santiago de Compostela)
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Burial place of St James the Great
End stop of pilgrimage route from all over Europe called “The Way of St. James”
St. James is said to bring Christianity to Spain

20. The Way of St. James

21. romanesque Worms Cathedral (St. Peter’s Dom; Wormser Dom)
; 13th century additions
Worms, Germany
Located on highest point in city
Made with red sandstone
It is a basilica and not really a cathedral
Concordat of Worms signed here ending the Investiture controversy

22. Romanesque Tower of London 1078 London, England William the Conqueror
Public executions were done here as part of it was used as a prison from
Mostly used as a private residence for the King/Queen

23. Romanesque Art Bayeux Tapestry
King Edward sends Harold of Wessex to Normandy (top)
Crowds Gaze in Awe at a Comet as Harold is Told of an Omen (bottom) CE
Bayeaux, France
Embroidery
Wool on linen – monumental quality
Over 230 feet long – gives a detailed account of medieval warfare
Shows Haley’s Comet

24. Slide concept by Anthony F
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

25. Romanesque Autun Cathedral (Cathedral of St. Lazarus) 1120-1146
Autun, France
Famous for its sculptures by Giselbertus and its cloister
A pilgrimage stop on the Way of St. James to see the relics of St. Lazarus

26. Romanesque Art Last Judgement 1130-1135 Autun, France Gislebertus
On tympanum on Cathedral of Saint Lazare – considered masterpiece of Romanesque sculpture

27. Slide concept by Anthony F
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
The Cluniac bishop Etienne de Bage had the cathedral built, and it was consecrated in 1132.
At Autun, the Judgment is in progress, announced by four trumpet-blowing angels.
In the typanum’s center, far large than any other figure, is Christ, enthroned in a mandorla angel support, dispassionately presiding over the separation of the Blessed from the Damned.
At the far left, an obliging angel boosts one of the Blessed into the heavenly city.

28. Slide concept by Anthony F
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
For the church’s western entrance, a projecting portal resembling a Roman arch was “attached” to the building’s otherwise simple façade.
Strictly Christian and thematically related to other Romanesque portals already examined here.
The tympanum shows Christ surrounded by the signs of the Four Evagelists.

29. Romanesque Art St Sernin 1070-1120 Toulouse, France
Masterpiece of Romanesque Architecture – rounded arches, thick walls- all typical Romanesque style features
Features of building are sharply defined into sections

30. Slide concept by Anthony F
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

31. Romanesque Era – St Sernin Plan

32. Romanesque Art St Sernin – Interior 1070 – 1120 CE Toulouse, France
Note the barrel vault arched nave and thick columns; and lack of lighting
Increased acoustics, minimized fires

33. Interior of Sant’ Ambrogio Milan, Italy
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
This church erected in honor of Saint Ambrose, Milans first bishop.
It has an atrium in the early Christian tradition.
A two-story narthex pierced by arches on both levels, two bell towers joined to the building, and over towers of German churches.
Interior of Sant’ Ambrogio
Milan, Italy
late eleventh to early twelfth century
Typical dark interiors to intimidate worshipers

34. Exterior of Durham Cathedral Durham, England
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
In architecture, it signaled the importation of French Romanesque building and design methods.
It was begun around 1093, in the generation following the Norman conquest, and is the centerpiece of a monastery, cathedral, and fortified-castle complex on the Scottish frontier.
The church’s vaulted interior which predates that of the remodeled Saint-Etienne at Caen, retains its original severe Romanesque appearance.
Exterior of Durham Cathedral
Durham, England
begun ca. 1093
English Romanesque had even thicker walls, almost like a castle rather than a church

35. West façade San Miniato al Monte Florence, Italy
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
It sits, as its name implies, on a hillside overlooking the Arno River and the heart of the Florence.
The body of the church was completed by 1090, the gable-crowned façade during the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
Even more than Pisa Cathedral, the structure recalls the Early Christian basilica in plan and elevation, although its elaborate geometric incrustation makes for a rich ornamental effects foreign to the earlier buildings.
West façade San Miniato al Monte
Florence, Italy
1062 and twelfth century
Florence uses multi-color marble for beauty outside

36. Slide concept by Anthony F
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
It sits, as its name implies, on a hillside overlooking the Arno River and the heart of the Florence.
The body of the church was completed by 1090, the gable-crowned façade during the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
Even more than Pisa Cathedral, the structure recalls the Early Christian basilica in plan and elevation, although its elaborate geometric incrustation makes for a rich ornamental effects foreign to the earlier buildings.

37. Interior of San Miniato al Monte Florence, Italy
1062 and twelfth century
Still leads to very dark interiors, low lighting and ship like ceiling beams
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Though at first glance, the lowest level much resembles the patterning of Florence’s baptistery, the arcades and panels do not reflect the buildings structure.
The façade’s upper levels, of much later date than the lowest level are filled capriciously with geometrical shapes that have a purely, ornamental function.
The nave is divided into three equal compartments by diaphragm arches.
The arches rise from compound piers and brace the rather high, thin walls.
They also provide firebreaks beneath the wooden roof and compartmentalize the basilican interior in the manner so popular with most Romansque builders.

38. Cloister of Saint-Pierre Moissac, France
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
The church’s cloister was decorated for the monks alone to see the medieval church cloister expresses the seclusion of the spiritual life, the vita contemplativa.
It provided the monks with a foretaste of Paradise.
At Moissac a timber-roofed walkway supported by piers and columns surrounds the cloister garth on four sides.
Cloister of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
ca marble piers approximately 6 ft. high
Considered best cloister of Romanesque period

39. Map: The Crusades, 1096–1204.
Map: The Crusades, 1096–1204.

40. Romanesque. Krak des Chevaliers, Syria. First occupied 1109.

41. Romanesque. Reconstruction: Stone Castle (color drawing)
Romanesque. Reconstruction: Stone Castle (color drawing). Beginning 1078.
Romanesque. Reconstruction: Stone Castle (color drawing). Beginning 1078.

42. Romanesque. Casket with scenes of courtly love, from Limoges. ca. 1180

43. Romanesque Art Reliquary Caskets 1100 – 1150 CE France, Spain
Typical of reliquary caskets found throughout the routes to Santiago to show pilgrims the relics of other important saints

44. Romanesque. Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy, Conques, Auvergne, France: West portal, tympanum, Last Judgment. Detail. ca
Romanesque. Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy, Conques, Auvergne, France: West portal, tympanum, Last Judgment. Detail. ca

45. Mouth of Hell Winchester Psalter from Winchester, England
ca ink and tempera on vellum 12 3/4 x 9 1/8 in.
Considered finest example of Romanesque Illuminated Manuscript
Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

46. Romanesque Era The End . . . Next Lecture . . .
Gothic and Late Middle Ages Era