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GCSE Physical Education – The structure and functions of the muscular system / Short Term Effects of Exercise Structure of the muscular system Antagonistic pairs - Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs. As one muscle contracts (shortens) its partner relaxes (lengthens) i.e. Biceps and Triceps. Agonist = the muscle that contracts to produce movement. Antagonist = the muscle that relaxes to allow the movement to occur. Fixator = Supports and stabilises the movement – Eg -Rotator Cuff in the shoulder Examples in the body: Biceps & Triceps Quadriceps & Hamstring Pectorals and Latissimus Dorsi Types of muscle *** ( Not on SPEC!) Short Term Effects of Exercise Link of the muscular and skeletal system – both systems work together to produce movement. i.e. a contracting muscle pulls on a bone which changes the angle at a joint which creates movement. Eg – Bicep contracts to produce flexion at the elbow at the start of a set shot in basketball. Pectorals Deltoid Biceps Triceps Abdominals External Obliques Latissimus Dorsi Flexion Extension Hip Flexor Gluteus Maximus Quadriceps Hamstring Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius Muscular System (F-TV) Cardiovascular System (CASH) Respiratory System (BOTM) Working muscles produce heat ( Temperature) Increased muscle fatigue due to lactic acid Blood is re-distributed to working muscles (Vascular shunt mechanism) Increase in stroke volume Increase in cardiac output Increase in heart rate (bpm) Anticipatory rise before exercise Increase in breathing rate Increase in tidal volume Increase in minute volume Increase in Oxygen to the body @PEResourcesbank
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GCSE Physical Education – The structure and functions of the muscular system
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