1. GCSE Physical Education – The structure and functions of the muscular system / Short Term Effects of Exercise
Structure of the muscular system
Antagonistic pairs - Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs.
As one muscle contracts (shortens) its partner relaxes (lengthens) i.e. Biceps and Triceps.
Agonist = the muscle that contracts to produce movement.
Antagonist = the muscle that relaxes to allow the movement to occur.
Fixator = Supports and stabilises the movement – Eg -Rotator Cuff in the shoulder
Examples in the body:
Biceps & Triceps
Quadriceps & Hamstring
Pectorals and Latissimus Dorsi
Types of muscle *** ( Not on SPEC!)
Short Term Effects of Exercise
Link of the muscular and skeletal system – both systems work together to produce movement. i.e. a contracting muscle pulls on a bone which changes the angle at a joint which creates movement.
Eg – Bicep contracts to produce flexion at the elbow at the start of a set shot in basketball.
Pectorals
Deltoid
Biceps
Triceps
Abdominals
External Obliques
Latissimus Dorsi
Flexion
Extension
Hip Flexor
Gluteus Maximus
Quadriceps
Hamstring
Tibialis Anterior
Gastrocnemius
Muscular System (F-TV)
Cardiovascular System (CASH)
Respiratory System (BOTM)
Working muscles produce heat ( Temperature)
Increased muscle fatigue due to lactic acid
Blood is re-distributed to working muscles (Vascular shunt mechanism)
Increase in stroke volume
Increase in cardiac output
Increase in heart rate (bpm)
Anticipatory rise before exercise
Increase in breathing rate
Increase in tidal volume
Increase in minute volume
Increase in Oxygen to the body
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2. GCSE Physical Education – The structure and functions of the muscular system
Term
Definition/notes/concept
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