1. Welcome to IB History of the Americas
Mr. Suchopar

2. Task: With your assigned partners, use the newspaper given to you to…
discuss 3 issues specific to the United States today;
identify the headlines of 3 articles that reflect these issues.
What questions do you think would be helpful to ask for a better understanding of these issues, and their contexts within American history?

3. History is more than memorizing facts and dates…
History is messy, complicated, and always changing with the discovery of new information and new interpretations.
Historical memories saturate our cultures, sometimes producing shocking and unsettling reinterpretations of the past and its heroes and villains, yet also crisscross the globe with stories that bind us closer together.
From a certain point of view

4. History is more than memorizing facts and dates…
What is the role of a historian?
To what extent does studying history help us better understand ourselves in the present?
Who decides which events are historically significant?
Historian David McCullough has earned two Pulitzer Prizes.  Here he is presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by 43rd President George W. Bush, the nation’s highest civilian honor. 

5. History is more than memorizing facts and dates…
What is the difference between bias and selection?
Is it possible to describe historical events in an unbiased way?
How does the context within which historians live affect historical knowledge?

6. Direct Causes of European Exploration
To search for new trade routes with direct access to luxury goods from Southeast Asia and India.
To spread Christianity, and weaken Islamic power in Europe and the Middle East.
Become a world power through gaining land and wealth. Wealth acquired from colonies was often used to fund the seemingly constant wars in Europe resulting from family rivalries and the religious wars of the early 16th century.

8. European Colonization
Once the “New World” was discovered, the four European nation-states began competing for the lands of North America and the world….
Spain
Portugal
Dutch
France
What changes over time resulted from this competition?

11. The Spanish
Spanish first to pursue colonization of the Americas, first in the Caribbean, then in Central and South America.
This included the conquests of the Aztecs by Cortez (1521), and the Incas by Pizzarro (1531).
Spanish conquistadors then moved north, founding the first permanent settlement that would eventually be incorporated into the United States. St. Augustine was founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets.

12. Changes brought by the Spanish to the Americas
Sociedad de Castas: The Spanish governed their colonies through viceroys, governors appointed as representatives of the Spanish monarchy. They maintained order by instituting a strict social hierarchy based on race.
Mercantilism: When a nation-state uses colonies to export more than they import. European power s benefitted from the amount of colonies they had, because colonies provided raw materials and could only buy goods from the mother country.

13. Encomienda System
The Spanish monarch granted landowners the right to use Native American labor on plantations (most profitable cash crop was sugar).
Spanish missionaries worked to convert thousands of indigenous Americans to Roman Catholicism.
What further changes would the encomienda system bring to the economy and culture of the Americas?

14. The Portuguese
The Portuguese were the first to begin searching for a direct water route to South East Asia, led by Prince Henry the Navigator. Further explorations by Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama were the first to connect the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
After Columbus’ 1492 voyage, the Portuguese colonized Brazil, in the Americas.
Displaced in the Indian Ocean by the Dutch, the Portuguese began to focus on their colonies west, in the Americas.

18. The French
Two of the earliest French settlements in North America were Quebec (1608) and Montreal (1642) in what would become an extensive empire stretching from present day north east Canada to the south west states of the U.S. and what would become Canada
The French sought to control the St. Lawrence River to access the interior of North America. This combined with their relations with First Nations peoples such as the Algonquin and Iroquois, helped the French to make lucrative profits off of the fur trade.
In 1663 New France became more secure when King Louis XIV made it a royal province, stimulating emigration from France.

19. The Dutch
Like French, the Dutch focused on the fur trade, however only had smaller settlements in North America.
The Dutch founded Fort Orange in 1614 on Hudson River.
New Netherland was established.
These settlements that made up New Netherland were an extension of the Dutch global trade system.
Both were eventually taken over by the British and renamed “Albany” and “New York” after British dukes.

20. British East India Company Dutch East India Company
Joint Stock companies: Companies given governmental monopolies of trade in the regions designated, but were not rigorously supervised by their own nation’s government. They had rights to raise armies and coin money on their own, and amassed great commercial fortunes. They acted as if they were independent governments in the regions that they claimed.

21. Famous Voyage of Exploration
Explorer
Nationality
Lifespan
Country Sailed For
Famous Voyage of Exploration
Christopher Columbus
Italian
Spain
Encountered New World-North America
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese
First voyage around the world
Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish
First European explorer to set foot in Florida
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
First famous European to see the Pacific Ocean from eastern shore
Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado
First European to explore Southwest North America-Arizona and New Mexico
Hernando de Soto
Explored Florida into Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River.
Amerigo Vespucci
Spain and Portugal
America named after him
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portugal
Funded Exploration down coast of Africa
Bartolomeu Dias
Voyage around Cape of Good Hope- Southern tip of South Africa
Vasco da Gama
Discovery of ocean route from Portugal to East
Pedro Álvares Cabral
Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal.
Jacques Cartier
French
France
Led three expeditions to Canada
Samuel de Champlain
Founder of Quebec City; “Father of Canada”
Henry Hudson
English
Dutch
Discovered Hudson River and Settlers established New Netherlands
John Cabot
Explored Canada; 2nd explorer after Columbus to encounter New World
Sir Francis Drake
Circumnavigates the World
Sir Walters Raleigh
Established Virginia colony of Roanoke Island; Discovered Guiana

24. How did European exploration in the Americas impact native peoples?

25. Aim: How did European exploration in the Americas impact native peoples?
Focus Activity: Use the cartoon below to complete page 8 in your unit packet.

27. NORTH AMERICAN SOCIETIES AROUND 1492
The varied landscapes of North America encouraged diversity of Native American cultures.
The Southwest – tribes tended to settle in one place and practice agriculture.
Tribes of the Great Plains mainly hunted large game like buffalo as well as cultivating food.
Tribes of the Eastern Woodlands used various water sources for trade, transportation, and fishing, as well as raising crops.

28. North Americans’ Shared Cultural Values
Trade
Trade was one of the most impactful factors in bringing tribes into contact with one another. Different tribes specialized in processing or making certain products, and trade often occurred across a transcontinental network that linked far off places.
Land Use
Native Americans considered the land as the source of life. It was not to be sold or owned. It could be disturbed only for important reasons, like food gathering or food production with the idea of the circle of life replenishing it.

29. The Black Hills- “Paha Sapa” or “The Heart of Everything That Is”

30. North Americans’ Shared Cultural Values
Religious Beliefs
Many First Nations tribes were animistic- beliefs based on the spiritual ideas that the universe and all natural objects have souls or spirits.
Many believed in The Great Spirit or The Great Mystery- a supreme being or universal force.
First Nations peoples looked to their ancestors and elders as spiritual guides.
Social Organization
Bonds of kinship with ties among relatives ensured that customs were passed on.
Division of labor were often split up by gender.
Age and status created a social order.
Groups organized by families with different clans holding common ancestors.

31. North American Societies
Similarities
Social structure based on families and clans.
Religious ceremonies recognized powerful spiritual forces in the world.
Economic life depended on trade.
Belief that land could not be owned.
Differences
Way of life adapted to different environments.
Some farmed, some hunted and fished, and some were nomads.
Many different lifestyles existed, influenced by the diverse geography of the continent.

32. Iroquois Confederacy - 1570
Consisted of six Iroquois nations located in central and western New York
The Confederacy's decision-making processes were governed by a "constitution," the "Great Law," which possessed many of the attributes found in twentieth century constitutions.
Iroquois kept land out of European hands for almost two centuries.

33. Continuities and Changes:
What kind of relationship do you think the Native Americans and First Nations Peoples (Canada) initially had with European colonists?
How and why do you think this would change over time?

34. Chief Powhatan Speech as recorded by John Smith, 1609

36. How were you taught about Columbus?
How do we remember him and his legacy?
The “Columbus Doors,” stand imposingly at the main entrance to the U.S. Capitol Building, almost 17 feet high and weighing 20,000 pounds. 
Designed by American sculptor Randolph Rogers, each scene depicting the life of Christopher Columbus is finely modeled.
The doors were installed in 1863 and moved to their present location in 1961 following the extension of the East Front of the Capitol.

37. How were you taught about Columbus?
How do we remember him and his legacy?
“The Landing of Columbus”
This painting depicts Christopher Columbus and members of his crew on a beach in the West Indies, newly landed from his flagship Santa Maria on October 12, 1492. The island landing was the first landfall of their expedition to find a westward route from Europe to China, Japan and perhaps unknown lands.
American neoclassicist painter John Vanderlyn ( ) was commissioned by Congress in June 1836 to paint the Landing of Columbus for the Capitol Rotunda. It was installed in the Rotunda by early January 1847.

38. How were you taught about Columbus?
How do we remember him and his legacy?
In the United States alone there are more than 30 states that have a city named after Columbus.
Major cities
Counties
Countries
Colón, Panama, second-largest city in Panama
Columbia County, Georgia
Colombia
Columbia County, New York
Columbia, South Carolina, capital of the U.S. state
Columbia County, Pennsylvania
Subnational jurisdictions
Columbia County, Wisconsin
British Columbia, province of Canada
Columbus, Ohio, capital of the U.S. state
Columbiana County, Ohio
District of Columbia, federal district of the United States
Columbia, California
Streets
Columbia, Maryland
Avenue Christophe-Colomb, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Columbia, Missouri
Columbus, Georgia
Columbus Circle, New York City
Columbus, Indiana
Columbus, Mississippi
Columbus, Montana
Columbus, Nebraska
Columbus, Texas
Columbus, Wisconsin
Columbiana, Ohio

39. The People vs. Columbus, et al.
Who was responsible for the decimation of the Native American population in the Americas?
The Defendants: Columbus, Columbus’s men, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the Taínos, and the System of Empire.
Each of these defendants is charged with murder—the murder of the Taíno Indians in the years following 1492.
Task:
Class will be divided into five groups and each group will represent one of the five defendants.
The Group’s responsibility will be twofold: to defend themselves against the charges and to explain who they think is guilty and why.
One rule: You may plead guilty if you wish, but you cannot claim sole responsibility; you must accuse at least one other defendant.
You will prepare a defense against the charges contained in the indictments.
Groups will present their arguments to the class

40. Columbus and the Indians – Howard Zinn
Howard Zinn’s Main Conclusions:
Christopher Columbus should not be revered as a hero and that he was one of the reason that slave trade began.
Columbus lands in the New World admiring the Arawaks/Tainos but yet planning to use their generous hospitality for his benefits. Columbus saw the natives as perfect vessels to carry out work.
Columbus as a man bent on returning to Spain with plenty of gold in tow, even if that meant killing and enslaving thousands of natives.
Any native that did not find gold had their hands cut off and bled to death.
The tyrannical portrait which Zinn paints is hard to ignore, especially as he quotes the journals of Bartolome de las Casas to further validate his thesis that Columbus was not who most believe.
Columbus promised his financial backers in Spain that he would be successful in the new world- finding gold and slaves. When he wasn't as successful as he had hoped, he fabricated the report he sent back to Spain.

41. The People vs. Columbus, et al.
Who was responsible for the decimation of the Native American population in the Americas?
The Defendants: Columbus, Columbus’s men, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the Taínos, and the System of Empire.
Each of these defendants is charged with murder—the murder of the Taíno Indians in the years following 1492.
Task:
Class will be divided into five groups and each group will represent one of the five defendants.
The Group’s responsibility will be twofold: to defend themselves against the charges and to explain who they think is guilty and why.
One rule: You may plead guilty if you wish, but you cannot claim sole responsibility; you must accuse at least one other defendant.
You will prepare a defense against the charges contained in the indictments.
Groups will present their arguments to the class

42. Markscheme [20 points] 5 4 3 2 1 Indicator Excellent Good Average
Needs Improvement
Unsatisfactory
The position reflected analysis of the issues 5 4 3 2 1
The position was coherent & persuasive
The group incorporated relevant evidence
The group contributed positively to the class discussion

43. Columbus PLEA Columbus’ Crew DEFENSE King & Queen Natives
System of Empire
KING AND QUEEN ARE ULTIMATE AUTHORITY- THEY HELD FINAL SAY ON SLAVERY, ETC
FEAR OF TREASON OF KING AND QUEEN.
COLUMBUS
CREW WOULD HAVE BEEN IN DANGER IF THEY DISOBEYED COLUMBUS. PROMISED WEALTH AND PROPERTY BY COLUMBUS WHICH WOULD HAVE IMPROVED WAYS OF LIFE
DEYING COLUMBUS WOULD BE DEYING THE KING AND QUEEN. TREASON IS NOT GOOD.
PUNISHMENT BROUGHT PRESSURE.
COLUMBUS TOOK IT UPON HIMSELF TO TAKE SLAVES AND ABUSE NATIVES
TAINOS
THEY WELCOMED SLAVERY WITH “OPEN ARMS” (JOSH).
COLUMBUS’ CREW
“FOLLOWING ORDERS” DOES NOT MEAN INNOCENCE.
SYSTEM OF EMPIRE
SYSTEM MADE COLUMBUS GREEDY. NO GOLD LED TO ENSLAVING NATIVES (NOT GOLD)
THE SYSTEM CREATED THE BEHAVIOR OF THE PEOPLE, WHICH ONLY SAW WHITE CHRISTIANS AS FULLY HUMANS- NATIVES WERE PROPERTY
EVEN THOUGH COLUMBUS GAVE THEM ORDERS, THEY COULD HAVE REFUSED. THEY DID NOT WANT TO BE ENSLAVED.
MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR VIOLENT BEHAVIOR BECAUSE HE WOULD BECOME APPOINTED GOVERNOR OF LAND THEREFORE HE GAVE THE ORDERS.

44. Columbus PLEA Columbus’ Crew DEFENSE PLEA? King & Queen Natives
System of Empire
KING AND QUEEN
KING AND QUEEN FUNDED THE VOYAGE MAKING IT POSSIBLE.
COLUMBUS
DRIVEN BY MONEY AND A HIGH POLITICAL POSITION. PROMISES BY KING AND QUEEN WERE TOO GREAT TO FAIL.
DID NOT ATTEMPT TO NEGOITATE OR BUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE NATIVES.
CREATED AN ATMOSPHERE OF FEAR
COLUMBUS ENSLAVED AND PUT TO WORK ANYONE OVER THE AGE OF 14. HE WAS COMMANDED TO FIND LAND, NOT TO TAKE SLAVES.
COLUMBUS’ CREW
HAD THE RIGHT TO REFUSE TO PARTAKE IN MURDEROUS CRIMES
WHEN COLUMBUS CAME BACK WITH SLAVES HE WAS REWARDED RATHER THAN PUNISHED.
COMMITTED THE ACTS AND ATROCITIES ON BEHALF OF COLUMBUS
FUNDED AND SUPPORTED COLUMBUS’ BEHAVIOR.
DRIVEN BY GREED AND GOLD
BELIEVED IT WAS OKAY TO COMMITT ATROCITIES.
WAS NOT OBLIGATED TO FOLLOW THE SYSTEM. DRIVEN BY GREED.

45. The People vs. Columbus, et al.
Apply your knowledge:
Was anyone entirely not guilty? Explain!
-Can your group challenge itself to take a “Social History” approach to this question?

47. “Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto”, Powell (1855)

50. “The Fantasy of Jamestown”
Jamestown advertisement for settlement
Colonists arriving at Jamestown, 1607
Jamestown Trading, 1610

51. “The Reality of Jamestown”

52. “The Reality of Jamestown”

53. "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us
-John Winthrop on leading a group of 1,000 Puritan refugees from England to the Massachusetts Bay colony
Puritans: A group of English Protestants who sought to simply, and regulate forms of worship. Puritans believed in predestination. This doctrine holds that God is all-powerful and all-knowing; therefore, the fate of each individual soul is known to God at birth. Nothing an individual can do or say could change their ultimate fate.
Puritans believed that those chosen by God to be saved- “The Elect”- would only be capable of behavior endorsed by God.
According to future governor John Winthrop, their settlement in Massachusetts Bay was to be an example of rightful living for the rest of the world. “A Model of Christian Charity.”
Fun Fact: Puritans created Harvard college in 1636 to educate and train those seeking to become future Puritan ministers.

54. What does Winthrop’s “City Upon a Hill” biblical reference help us to understand about the early British colonies?

55. Colonial Regions Emerge Which features describe each region?
The main source of labor was the family unit.
Which features describe each region?
Cash crops of rice, indigo, and tobacco.
This region had fertile soil suitable for growing grains. Vast forests provided raw materials.
Exports of grain products.
Ship building and lumber businesses.
Manufacturing in iron, glass, and pottery.
Free or indentured servants provided the majority of the labor force, aiding in the growth of large estates similar to plantations.
The ”tidewater” region was close to water transportation.
The “piedmont” was further away from the ocean and rivers, and made up mostly of small farmers, hunters and trappers.
Soil was not the most fertile as the other regions. This was because glaciers had deposited rocks in prehistoric times.
It was often said that each year’s surest crop was
rocks.
Some of the best harbors of the East Coast.
Limited agriculture.
Major fishing industries.
Whaling.
Commerce based on trading in both imports and exports.
Small scale manufacturing.
Main source of labor was African slaves, allowing for the growth of large plantations.

57. New England Colonies:
The Northern, or New England Colonies consisted of the colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
New England’s soil was not the most fertile as the other regions. This was because glaciers had deposited rocks in prehistoric times. It was often said in New England that each year’s surest crop was rocks.
Farming was a backbreaking task that produced only limited results. Therefore, many colonists turned to the sea for a living. New England had many fine harbors, and off-shore there was rich fishing grounds. The codfish quickly became a source of wealth for New England. Whale hunting began and grew rapidly until there were hundreds of whaling ships operating out of New England. Commerce, trading in both imports and exports, became an important source of wealth. Manufacturing on a small scale also developed.
The main source of labor was the family.

58. Middle Colonies
The Middle Colonies consisted of the New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.
This region had fertile soil and soon began exporting large quantities of grain products. The Middle Colonies were often called the “Bread Colonies” because of the great quantities of grain that they produced.
In addition, vast forests provided raw materials for ship building and a thriving lumber business. Later in the colonial period, the manufacturing of iron, glass, and pottery began to assume an important role in the economy.
In parts of the Middle Colonies large estates grew up that were similar to plantations in the South. One important difference was that the Middle Colony estates were worked by labor that was either free or indentured servants, not by slaves as on Southern plantations.

59. Southern Colonies
The Southern region consisted of the colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
There were actually two distinct regions in the Southern Colonies. The first was known as “Tidewater” because it was close to water transportation. The chief products of this area were rice, indigo, and tobacco.
These products were the most profitable when worked on a great plantation by African slave labor. These products were known as cash crops.
The second area was further away from the ocean and rivers and was known as “The Piedmont” area. Here people worked small farms, trapped and hunted.

61. House of Burgesses
Mayflower Compact
Fundamental Orders
Proprietary Council

67. Plans of the slave ship, “Brookes” Chattel: moveable property

69. Most people migrated voluntarily, but many Africans were forcibly taken to the Americas to serve as slaves. Some Europeans were also resettled to the Americas against their will as indentured servants. 
Mixed -race children were born out of relationships between the Spaniards and native women. Slowly, European women made the dangerous trip to the Americas, and European-only families began to form. Thus, a new social hierarchy was created, with skin color being the determining  factor in status.