1. Louis XIV WARS AND LEGACY
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2. After 1648, dynastic and state interests, along with Europe’s expanding colonial empires, influenced the diplomacy of European states and frequently led to war.
Source: College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description (Including the Curriculum Framework), 2019
Key Concept 2.1.III

3. Louis XIV’s nearly continuous wars, pursuing both dynastic and state interests, provoked a coalition of European powers opposing him.
Source: College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description (Including the Curriculum Framework), 2019
Key Concept 2.1.III.C

4. LOUIS’ WARS
Overview
Wars initially successful but eventually economically ruinous to France
France created the professional modern army
Perhaps the first time in modern European history that a single country was able to dominate politics

5. IN RESPONSE TO THE THREAT LOUIS POSED EUROPE CREATES THE BALANCE OF POWER SYSTEM
No one country would be allowed to dominate the continent since a coalition of other countries would rally against a threatening power. Dutch stadholder William of Orange (later King William III of England) was the most important figure in thwarting Louis’ expansionism.

6. Louis appoints François le Tellier, French Secretary of State for War
He creates France’s professional army
Soldiers are now employed by the state
King has command of all military affairs

7. Methods of recruiting included
Dragooning – men seized off the streets
Conscription or (draft) – compulsory enlistment for service
By lottery (after 1688)

8. Jean Martinet – Military genius
Turned soldiers into tough, obedient military machines.
Took care of his soldiers by feeding, ambulatory care, uniforms, weapons, and training.
Introduced the bayonet.
Made sure that the soldiers were fed even in enemy land.
Martinet: a strict disciplinarian, especially in the armed forces.

9. 1st Dutch War, The War of Devolution 1667-1668
Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) without declaring war. A law known as Jus Devolutionis, Louis claimed that the provinces ”devolved” to him because he was married to Maria Theresa of Spain. Devolve: to pass by transmission or succession

10. William of Orange holds France back
William of Orange (now King of England) together with Hapsburg, Spain, and Sweden
Funded by the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England after 1694.
France’s funding came from devaluation of the currency, selling offices, tax exemptions, and titles to the nobility.
Revolts because of mass starvation, bad weather, high taxes stir up trouble for Louis XIV.
Minister of Finance was Claude Le Peletier.

11. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
France got 12 towns on Spanish Netherlands’ border.
Gave up Franche-Comtè (Burgundy) to Spain
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12. The Dutch War ( )
Louis invaded the southern Netherlands as revenge for Dutch opposition in the previous war.
The Dutch flooded their countryside by opening their dykes preventing France (and England) from invading Holland.
Peace of Nijmegen ( )
Represented the limit of expansion under Louis XIV
France took back the Franche-Comté from Spain, gained some Flemish towns, and took Alsace.

13. Nine Years’ War ( )
Louis launched another invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in In response the League of Augsburg formed in 1686: HRE, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, and the Dutch Republic This demonstrated the emergence of balance of power.

14. The Nine Years War was fought on multiple fronts including norther Europe, Ireland, Scotland, and colonial areas.
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15. Nine Years’ War is the French and Indian War in North America
French and Indian War, American phase of a worldwide nine years' war (1754–63) fought between France and Great Britain. (The more-complex European phase was the Seven Years' War [1756–63].) It determined control of the vast colonial territory of North America

16. William of Orange (now king of England) brought England into the war against France.
Initiated a period of Anglo-French military rivalry that lasted until Napoleon’s defeat in 1815
The war ended with the status quo prior to the war.
France remained in control of Alsace and the city of Strasbourg (in Lorraine).

17. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
The will of Charles II (Spanish Habsburg king) gave all Spanish territories to grandson of Louis XIV.
European powers feared that Louis would consolidate the thrones of France and Spain, thus creating a monster power that would upset balance of power.
The Grand Alliance emerged in opposition to France: England, Dutch Republic, HRE, Brandenburg, Portugal, Savoy

18. Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 ends the war
Most important treaty since 1648 (Westphalia) and 1763 (Paris)
Maintained the balance of power in Europe
Ended expansion of Louis XIV
b. Spanish empire partitioned:
Britain was the biggest winner
Gained the asiento from Spain
Gibraltar and Minorca
Spanish Netherlands was given to Austria
Netherlands gained lands as a buffer against France

19. c. Though Louis’ Bourbon grandson was enthroned in Spain, the unification of the Spanish and French Bourbon dynasties was prohibited.
d. Kings were formally recognized in Sardinia (Savoy) and Prussia (Brandenburg)
They became the nucleus of the future unified states of Italy and Germany.

20. Europe in 1714
Wikipedia Commons Author: Rebel Redcoat

21. The Peace of Utrecht represents the balance-of-power principle

22. Treaty completes Decline of Spain as a great power
Expanded the British Empire
Ends France’s expansionist policy

23. Costs Louis XIV’s wars
1. Destroyed the French economy due to severe disruption of trade 2. 20% of French subjects died. 3. A huge debt would be placed on the shoulders of the Third Estate. • The French gov’t was bankrupt. 4. These financial and social tensions sowed the seeds of the French Revolution later in the century.
Wikipedia Commons Artist: Hyacinthe Rigaud, Location: Prado Museum, Spain

24. Key Concept 2.1.I.A
Absolute monarchies limited the nobility’s participation in governance but preserved the aristocracy’s social position and legal privileges.
Source: College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description (Including the Curriculum Framework)

25. Decline of the Spanish economy in the 17th century
VI. Spanish absolutism and decline
Decline of the Spanish economy in the 17th century
1. The Spanish economy was hurt by the loss of middle class Moors and Jews.
• The population of Spain shrank from 7.5 million in 1550 to 5.5 million in 1660.
2. Spanish trade with its colonies fell 60% between 1610 and 1660.
• This was largely due to English and Dutch competition.

26. The Spanish treasury was bankrupt and had to repudiate its debts at various times between 1594 and 1680.
National taxes hit the peasantry particularly hard.
a. Many peasants were driven from the countryside and swelled the ranks of the poor in cities.
b. Food production decreased as a result.

27. 5. Inflation from the “price revolution” hurt domestic industries that were unable to export goods. 6. A poor work ethic stunted economic growth. a. Upper classes eschewed work and continued a life of luxury b. Many noble titles were purchased which provided tax exemptions for the wealthy. c. Capitalism was far less prevalent than it was in the Netherlands and England.

28. B. Political and military decline 1
B. Political and military decline 1. Symbolically, England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was once seen by some historians as the beginning of the decline of the Spanish empire. • However, Spain had the most formidable military until the mid-17th century.

29. 2. Poor leadership by three successive kings in the 17th century damaged Spain’s political power. a. Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II (one of worst rulers in Habsburg history) b. Inbreeding may have played a role.

30. 3. Spain’s defeat in Thirty Years’ War under Philip IV was politically and economically disastrous. a. Spain officially lost the Netherlands. b. In 1640, Portugal reestablished its independence. 4. Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659): marked end of Spain as a Great Power a. The war between Spain and France continued for 11 years after the end of the Thirty Years’ War. b. Spain lost parts of the Spanish Netherlands and territory in northern Spain to France.

31. 5. By 1700, the Spanish navy had only 8 ships and most of its army consisted of foreigners. 6. The War of the Spanish Succession ( ) saw Spain lose most of its European possessions at Utrecht.