1. Introduction To The Human Body

2. Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Anatomy = the science of body structures and the relationships among structures
Physiology = the science of how body parts work

3. Early Anatomy
-The first interest in anatomy likely stemmed from the need to heal injuries or illness.
The first anthropological evidence of anatomical knowledge was from sacrificial victims.
The first recorded evidence of the study and observation of the human body was in Egypt circa 1600 BC

4. Early Anatomy
Anatomical studies were further continued by the Greeks, and Persians, but primarily focused on animal anatomy (Dogs).
The Roman empire compiled some of the first writings on the anatomy of humans.
After the fall of Rome, Arab physicians continued and expanded the field of anatomy, eventually applying it to actual human dissections (Ibn al-Nafis).

5. Anatomy
Anatomy progressed very quickly throughout the 16th -20th centuries.
Rapid progression was likely due to increased scientific practices in observation, experimentation, and the application of formal scientific method.

6. Levels of Body Organization
Atom = the smallest units of matter that can participate in chemical reactions
Ex/ Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) and Calcium (Ca) are essential for life processes.

7. Molecule = two or more atoms joined together
Ex/ DNA, RNA, H2O
Cells = the basic structural and functional units of an organism and are the smallest living units

8. Tissues = groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
Organs = structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues
EX/ Heart, Liver, Stomach, Brain, etc.

9. Organ System = related organs that have a common function
Ex/ Digestive, Circulatory, Integumentary
Organism = living individual with all the parts of the body functioning with one another

10. Characteristics of the Human Organism
1. Metabolism = the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
*Anabolism = the building of small molecules in to larger ones (requires energy)
*Catabolism = the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simple ones (releases energy)

11. 2. Responsiveness
the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environments
EX/ Nerve impulses, muscle contraction
3. Movement
motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside the cell

12. 4. Growth
increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, number of cells, or both
5. Differentiation
process a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Red blood cells and white blood cells both come from the same unspecialized ancestor cells (stem cells) in bone marrow.

13. 6. Reproduction
the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement OR the production of a new individual

14. Homeostasis
The condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant
* EX/ Blood pressure, body temperature

15. Body Fluids
Dilute, watery solutions found inside cells as well as surrounding them
A. Intracellular fluid = fluid found inside the cells
B. Extracellular fluid = fluid outside cells
C. Interstitial fluid = the extracellular fluid that fills
the narrow spaces between cells
D. Plasma = extracellular fluid found in the blood
vessels

16. Control of Homeostasis
Feedback Systems
- Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed,
remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

17. Feedback System Components
Receptor
body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center

18. 2. Control center – sets the range of values within
2. Control center – sets the range of values within controlled condition, evaluates the input it receives, and generates output commands when needed.
3. Effector - body structure that receives output from control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

19. Two Types of Feedback Systems
Negative Feedback
mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates actions that reverse or reduce the stimulus (i.e. blood pressure)

20. Positive Feedback
mechanism in which the response enhances or increases the original stimulus
(ex/ child birth contractions)