1. Chapter 3 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Concepts of Biology
Chapter 3 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
PowerPoint Image Slideshow

2. Studying Cells

3. Figure 3.1
(a) Nasal sinus cells (viewed with a light microscope), (b) onion cells (viewed with a light microscope), and (c) Vibrio tasmaniensis bacterial cells (viewed using a scanning electron microscope) are from very different organism, yet all share certain characteristics of basic cell structure. (credit a: modification of work by Ed Uthman, MD; credit b: modification of work by Umberto Salvagnin; credit c: modification of work by Anthony D'Onofrio; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
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4. Cells are small
1-100 mm Small size maximizes surface area to volume ratio. Required the development of microscopes First light microscopes developed in 1600’s. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first observed tiny living organisms. Robert Hooke first used term “cells”.

5. Figure 3.2
Most light microscopes used in a college biology lab can magnify cells up to approximately 400 times.
Dissecting microscopes have a lower magnification than light microscopes and are used to examine larger objects, such as tissues.
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7. Cell Theory developed from centuries of observations
1800’s Schleiden and Schwann developed Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made of cells 2. Cell is basic unit function of organisms 3. Cells com form preexisting cells. Virchow first described cell division

8. Figure 3.3 Salmonella bacteria are viewed with a light microscope.
This scanning electron micrograph shows Salmonella bacteria (in red) invading human cells. (credit a: modification of work by CDC, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Charles N. Farmer; credit b: modification of work by Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
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9. Cell Structure
All cells contain outer phospholipid plasma membrane DNA chromosomes Cytoplasm

10. 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells

11. Figure 3.5
This figure shows the generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell.
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12. The presence of a cell nucleus
All cells contain DNA as its hereditary material Prokaryotes simplest cell lacking a membrane bound nucleus or other organelles DNA coiled in a circular chromosome External structure include cell wall and flagella. Include Bacteria and Archaea

13. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

14. Components of cell membrane

15. The plasma membrane separates a cell’s external environment
Fluid Mosaic Model
The plasma membrane separates a cell’s external environment
Regulates substances into and out of cells
Communicates with other cells
Fluid mosaic model: cell’s membrane is a fluid of mixed composition
Molecules are embedded within lipid bilayer (proteins, cholesterol)

17. Membrane Proteins
Recognition proteins: identifies “self” cells Receptor proteins: triggers a change in cell activity Transport proteins: assists the movement of molecules across the membrane

19. Figure 3.4
These uterine cervix cells, viewed through a light microscope, were obtained from a Pap smear. Normal cells are on the left. The cells on the right are infected with human papillomavirus. (credit: modification of work by Ed Uthman; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
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20. Figure 3.6
This figure shows the relative sizes of different kinds of cells and cellular components. An adult human is shown for comparison.
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21. Figure 3.7
This figure shows (a) a typical animal cell and (b) a typical plant cell.
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22. Larger more complex cells
Membrane bound nucleus found in all Eukaryotes Linear coiled chromosomes Other organelles with specialized function. Ribosomes (also in Prokaryotes) – assemble proteins Mitochondria – produce energy Peroxysomes – help metabolize lipids and amino acids Vacuoles store and transport materials

23. Figure 3.8
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24. Figure 3.10
The outermost boundary of the nucleus is the nuclear envelope. Notice that the nuclear envelope consists of two phospholipid bilayers (membranes)—an outer membrane and an inner membrane—in contrast to the plasma membrane (Figure 3.8), which consists of only one phospholipid bilayer. (credit: modification of work by NIGMS, NIH)
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25. Figure 3.14
This transmission electron micrograph shows a mitochondrion as viewed with an electron microscope. Notice the inner and outer membranes, the cristae, and the mitochondrial matrix. (credit: modification of work by Matthew Britton; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
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26. Plant cells
Contain Cell wall Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis Large central vacuole which stores water Lack Centrioles and Lysosomes

27. Figure 3.15
This simplified diagram of a chloroplast shows the outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoids, grana, and stroma.
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28. Endomembrane System

29. Membrane extensions of the nuclear membrane
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum contain ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum lack ribosomes Golgi Apparatus – Assist in protein modification and storage Vesicles help transport materials between these structures

30. Figure 3.9
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules compose a cell’s cytoskeleton.
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31. Figure 3.11
The Golgi apparatus in this transmission electron micrograph of a white blood cell is visible as a stack of semicircular flattened rings in the lower portion of this image. Several vesicles can be seen near the Golgi apparatus. (credit: modification of work by Louisa Howard; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)
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32. Figure 3.13
The endomembrane system works to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. (credit: modification of work by Magnus Manske)
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33. Figure 3.18
The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane structure describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates.
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34. Figure 3.19
HIV docks at and binds to the CD4 receptor, a glycoprotein on the surface of T cells, before entering, or infecting, the cell. (credit: modification of work by US National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)
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35. Passive transport

36. Diffusion
Molecules tend to spread apart towards low concentrations Semipermeable membranes allow some materials oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipids pass through Other molecules (sugars and ions) require specific transport proteins As molecules move across the overall concentration will reach equilibrium Diffusion across a membrane is passive because it requires no work
Diffusion across a membrane is passive because it requires no work

37. Figure 3.20
Diffusion through a permeable membrane follows the concentration gradient of a substance, moving the substance from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)
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38. Figure 3.24
Electrochemical gradients arise from the combined effects of concentration gradients and electrical gradients. (credit: modification of work by “Synaptitude”/Wikimedia Commons)
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39. Osmosis

40. Figure 3.21
In osmosis, water always moves from an area of higher concentration (of water) to one of lower concentration (of water). In this system, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane.
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41. Figure 3.22
Osmotic pressure changes the shape of red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)
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42. Figure 3.23
The turgor pressure within a plant cell depends on the tonicity of the solution that it is bathed in. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)
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43. Active Transport

44. Against the grain
If a cell needs maintain a high concentration work must be done Active Transport requires proteins that act as a pump molecules against the concentration gradient Example is the Na/K pump

45. Figure 3.25
The sodium-potassium pump move potassium and sodium ions across the plasma membrane. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)
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46. Bulk Transport

47. Exocytosis – vesicles fuse with outer membrane and release materials Endocytosis – vesicles form in outer membrane trapping materials outside the cell Phagocytosis – cell “eating” Pinocytosis – cell “drinking”

48. Figure 3.26 Three variations of endocytosis are shown.
In one form of endocytosis, phagocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and pinches off to form an intracellular vacuole.
In another type of endocytosis, pinocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds a small volume of fluid and pinches off, forming a vesicle.
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, uptake of substances by the cell is targeted to a single type of substance that binds at the receptor on the external cell membrane. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)
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49. Figure 3.27
In exocytosis, a vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane, binds, and releases its contents to the outside of the cell. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)
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