1. Psychology of globalization
Jiří Čeněk

2. Psychology of globalization
Outline:
Cultural transmission
Acculturation and identity
Minorities and new multicultural groups
Uncontacted peoples
Psychological response to globalization

3. Cultural transmission

4. Transmission of culture
Transmission of culture during ontogenetic development
Biological (genetic) adaptation
Cultural adaptation

5. Transmission of culture
Cultural transmission:
Vertical (parents – offsprings)
Horizontal (among peers)
Oblique (other adults, institutions)
2 Processes:
Enculturation – by living in a culture, automatic
Socialization – more specific instructions and training, teaching
Language, religion, knowledge, habits, norms, etc.

6. Transmission of culture
Dimensions of child training (socialization):
Training present in all cultures:
Obedience training (obeying adults)
Responsibility training (e.g. Household tasks)
Nurturance training (e.g. Helping younger siblings)
Achievement training (good performance)
Self-reliance (can take care of his/her needs)
General independence training (freedom from control)
2 opposite Clusters:
Pressure toward compliance (1-3)
Pressure toward independence (4-6)
Assertion - prosazení

7. Transmission of culture
Sex differences in the socialization:

8. Transmission among cultures

9. Topic: „Immigration crisis“
People coming to Europe: Is it good or bad? What is good/bad?

10. Acculturation
Definition: „Changes in a cultural group /individual as a result of contact with other cultural group.“
Globalization:
Cultures are dynamic
Shifting through mutual contact
Although there is practically no uniform (1 culture, 1 religion, 1 language, 1 identity) contemporary society, some people continue to think and believe that societies are culturally uniform (or should be)

11. 2 views on plural societies
1: Mainstream-minority:
There is a mainstream society + minorities
Minorities should be absorbed by majority
Goal state: „One people, one culture, one nation“

12. 2 views on plural societies
Multicultural view:
Ethnocultural groups retaining a sense of identity
Share legal, economic, political agreements
Institutions accomodate different cultural interests

13. Did multiculturalism fail?

14. Acculturation Population level Changes of institutions, Economic base
Political organization
Individual level
Changes in attitudes,
Values,
Identity
Berrys acculturation model:
4 acculturation strategies depending on how individuals deal with 2 fundamental issues.
Strategies can change depending on situational factors.
Examples:
Gypsies? (Marginalization – lost their culture + dont participate)
Ukrainians? (Separation – keep their culture + dont participate)
Vietnamese? (Integration/Assimilation?)

15. Acculturation Berrys acculturation model:
4 acculturation strategies depending on how individuals deal with 2 fundamental issues.
Strategies can change depending on situational factors.
Examples:
Gypsies? (Marginalization – lost their culture + dont participate)
Ukrainians? (Separation – keep their culture + dont participate)
Vietnamese? (Integration/Assimilation?)

16. Acculturation
One culture is usually dominant (the 2 cultures dont change to the same extent)
Berrys acculturation model:
4 acculturation strategies depending on how individuals deal with 2 fundamental issues.
Strategies can change depending on situational factors.
Examples:
Gypsies? (Marginalization – lost their culture + dont participate)
Ukrainians? (Separation – keep their culture + dont participate)
Vietnamese? (Integration/Assimilation?)

17. Acculturation
Acculturation strategies: do they seek contact, do they wanna change?
Right graph: Public attitudes and public policies in the larger society.
Multiculturalism:
Societies maintain and enhance their diversity
Encourage equitable participation in the daily life and institutions of larger society.

18. Acculturation Assumptions of the model:
Non-dominant group and its members can choose the strategy
Sometimes the dominant group enforces certain kinds of relations
= Integration can occur only if the dominant group is open to cultural diversity and non-dominant groups adopt the basic institutions, norms and values of the dominant group
Mutual agreement, positive attitudes and low levels of prejudice are needed

19. Acculturation and identity

20. Who are you?

21. Differences in self-concept (identity)
Differences in social identity:
Independency vs. Interdependency
Asians:
Self-reference:
Social identity: „I am a university of Beijing student.“
Relationships: „I am a son of Ctulhu tribe.“
Value social harmony
Communication between child and mother
Americans:
Abstract personality traits: „I am clever.“

22. Differences in self-concept (identity)
Possible explanations:
Social relations
Identity
Philosophy
Religion
Etc.
Vysvětlit, kde vznikají rozdíly

23. Acculturation and identity
Identity strategies:
Georgas & Papastylianou (1998): Greeks remigrating from Albania, Russia, USA, Canada, Australia
Evaluation of the relationship of personal identity (who am I?) and acculturation strategy
Greek identity: assimilating
Mixed identity: integrating
Indigenous (e. g. Australian): separating

24. Acculturation and identity
Identity strategies:
Camilleri & Malewska-Peyre (1997):
Value identity vs. Real identity
VI: their ideal self
RI: actual behavior in social situations
Discrepancy between VI and RI: tension, stress
This discrepancy large among immigrant adolescents (values of their parents vs. Values of their peers)

25. Acculturation and identity
Identity strategies:
„simple tolerance“: clinging to cultural heritage, rejecting values of dominant culture (aka separation)
„pragmatism“: chameleon identity
„maximization of advantages“: taking the best from both
Exclusive identification with the dominant society

26. New multicultural groups

27. New multicultural groups
1) New empoverished multicultural underclass:
Migrant labor
Economic poverty, discrimination, workplace exploitation
Refugees and asylum seekers
PTSD, various levels of help from the host countries
Lower life expectancy, higher rates of injury, no health insurance, more prone to homelessness, violence, substance abuse…

28. New multicultural groups
2) Transnational elite (expatriates/expats):
Students
Professionals
= reside in a different country or culture for a limited amount of time (duration of contract/course of study)
Have institutional support (university/company)
Dont have to change their identity and behaviors → need to acquire sociocultural skills

29. Expatriates

30. Expatriates Adjustment process:

31. Stages of adjustment process
Honeymoon (4-6 weeks)
Excitation abour being in new country
Fascination with sights and sounds
Rise in status and standards of living (business expats in Asia)
Culture shock (6-8 months)
Realisation of the cultural barriers
Ineffectivity in social interaction
Emotional distress
Traumatization of families
Frustration, anger, confusion, distrust

32. Stages of adjustment process
Gradual adjustment (1-2 years)
Trial and error
Contacts with locals, other expats
→ Adaptation to local culture
→ Apprecciation of local cuisine, language, business practices…
Basic competence (2-4 years)
Functional proficiency
Mastery (5-7 years)
Deep knowledge of the culture

33. Readjustment Similar process happens after coming back:
Thrill of being back (family, friends, known places, etc.) → disappointment (lost positive aspects of life abroad) → readjustment

34. Cultural adaptation models
More models, same principle

35. Expatriates: Intercultural personality
What personal characteristics influence (accelerate) adaptation process?
What types of people are suitable for becoming expats?
How to predict individual performance in other culture?
→ identification of „overseas type“

36. Expatriates: Intercultural personality
Personality traits:
Extraversion
Emotional stability
Ability to cooperate
Self-discipline
Cultural-fit hypothesis:
„Fit“ between personal characteristics and norms of the host culture helps adaptation
Example: US expats in Singapore are more extraverted → feel frustrated and rejected

37. Uncontacted peoples

38. Uncontacted peoples Also isolated people or lost tribes,
Communities who live, or have lived, either by choice (people living in voluntary isolation) or by circumstance, without significant or first contact with greater civilization. Few people have remained totally uncontacted by modern civilization

39. Uncontacted peoples
Example: Acre, Brazil in 2012

40. Uncontacted peoples Example: North Sentinel Island (India)

41. Psychological response to globalization

42. Psychological response to globalization
Exclusionary and integrative response
Factor
Exclusionary
Integrative
Origin
Fear of cultural contamination/erosion
Goal oriented: problem solving, learning
Speed and control
Fast, spontaneous
Slow, effortful
Perception of global/foreign culture
Threat
Cultural resources
Identity salience
High
Low
Emotions
Envy, fear, anger, disgust
Admiration
Behavioral reactions
Exclusionary: Isolation, rejection, aggression
Inclusionary: Acceptance, integration

43. Psychological response to globalization
The tendency for integrative response…
Highers:
With more intercultural contact
Openess to experience
Lowers:
With need for security and feelings of threat
With level of identification and relative importance of own heritage

44. Psychological response to globalization
Role of politicians and media – Migration crisis

45. Psychological response to globalization

46. Thank you