1. CHAPTER 1
Word
Building Rules

2. Word Building Rules Success depends on: Learning word parts
Learning rules for combining word parts

3. Word Root Basic foundation of a word Example word: cardiologist
Component parts are added to change meaning
Example word: cardiologist
cardi (word root) = heart
Words with cardi will always refer to the heart

4. Combining Form Word root + vowel = combining form
Vowel is called a combining vowel
Usually an o – occasionally an i
Combining vowels join word parts appropriately

5. Combining Vowels: Rule
When using more than one word root – as in compound word
Combining vowel is needed to separate the different word roots
Usually done whether or not second or third word root begins with a vowel

6. Combining Vowels: Rule
Example word: myoelectric
Breakdown of word: my/o/electr/ic
Root = my
Combining vowel = o
Root = electr
Suffix = ic
Note: root + vowel = combining form
my + o = my/o

7. Combining Vowels: Rule
A word cannot end in a combining form
Drop the combining vowel
Add a suffix
Makes the word a noun or an adjective

8. Combining Vowels: Rule
Example word: megalocardia
Breakdown of word: megal/o/card/ia
Root = megal
Combining vowel = o
Root = card
Suffix = ia
Note: Word cannot be megal/o/card/o
Must drop combining vowel o
Must add ending

9. Suffix Attaches to the end of the word root
Makes a word a noun or an adjective
Meaning of suffix remains the same
Suffix changes meaning of root to which it is attached

10. Suffix: Rule If suffix begins with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u,y)
Root will attach directly to it
If suffix begins with a consonant
Root will need a combining vowel before attaching to the suffix

11. Suffix: Rule Example word: cardiogram
Breakdown of word: cardi/o/gram
Root = cardi
Combining vowel = o
Suffix = gram
Note: Suffix begins with a consonant
Combining vowel is needed

12. Suffix: Rule Example word: cardialgia Note: Suffix begins with a vowel
Breakdown of word: cardi/algia
Root = cardi
Suffix = algia
Note: Suffix begins with a vowel
Combining vowel is not needed

13. Suffixes Suffixes indicate specialties and/or specialists
May be specialist in a field of study
May be one who specializes in the study of
May be one who treats
Suffixes indicate instruments
May be an instrument used to view
May be an instrument used to measure

14. Suffixes Suffixes indicate surgical and diagnostic procedures
May be surgical puncture
May be process of recording
May be process of viewing with a scope
May be incision into

15. Prefix Attaches to the beginning of a word
Meaning of prefix always remains the same
Prefix changes meaning of root to which it is attached
Not all words have prefixes

16. Prefix: Rule Example word: endocardium
Breakdown of word: endo/cardi/um
Prefix = endo
Root = cardi
Suffix = um
Prefix attaches directly to beginning of word
Note: Combining vowel is not needed

17. Prefixes Prefixes express numbers Prefixes express measurement
None, one, two, three, four
Single, double, half
Prefixes express measurement
Quantities:
Much, many, excessive
Multiples without specific numbers

18. Prefixes Prefixes express position and/or direction
Used to describe a location
May be:
Between, under, around, away from
Upon, over, within, near, middle
Below, behind, above, across

19. Prefixes Prefixes express color Prefixes express negatives
Color in reactions
Color of growths or rashes
Color of body fluids
Red, blue, green, yellow
White, black, gray, purple
Prefixes express negatives
May indicate:
Not, without, lack of, against

20. Word Structure Review Prefix is placed at beginning of word
Suffix is placed at end of word root
Combining forms are used when word has more than one word root = compound word

21. Word Structure
Review
Compound words are usually composed in the following order:
Combining form + word root + suffix
Example:
Leuk o cyt osis
(Combining form) + word root + suffix

22. Word Structure Review Defining a medical term: Example: carditis
Define suffix first
Read from right to left and define each word element
Example: carditis
Suffix = itis = inflammation
Word root = card = heart
Definition = inflammation of the heart

23. Word Structure Review Medical words with prefixes
Define suffix first, prefix second, word roots last

24. Word Structure Example: intracardiac Suffix = ac = pertaining to
Prefix = intra = within
Word root = cardi = heart
Definition = pertaining to within the heart

25. Word Structure
Review
When medical words identify body systems or parts
Define suffix first, body organs in order they are studied in body system

26. Word Structure Example: cardiopulmonary Suffix = ary = pertaining to
Body organ = cardi = heart
Body organ = pulmon = lungs
Definition = pertaining to the heart and the lungs

27. Pronunciation Guidelines
Pronunciation of medical word
May be exactly like it sounds
Example: febrile = ‘f’ sound, begins with ‘f’
May begin with a letter, or letters that produces the same phonetic sound
Example: physiology = ‘f’ sound, begins with ‘ph’

28. Pronunciation Guidelines
If it sounds like ‘f’
Look for ‘f’ = febrile
Look for ‘ph’ = physiology
If it sounds like ‘j’
Look for ‘j’ = jejunum
Look for ‘ge’ = genesis
Look for ‘gi’ = gingivitis
Look for ‘gy’ = gyrus

29. Pronunciation Guidelines
If it sounds like ‘k’
Look for ‘k’ = kyphosis
Look for ‘c’ = cornea
Look for ‘ch’ = chorion
Look for ‘qu’ = quadruplet
If it sounds like ‘n’
Look for ‘n’ = neonatal
Look for ‘pn’ = pneumonia
Look for ‘kn’ = knee

30. Pronunciation Guidelines
If it sounds like ‘s’
Look for ‘s’ = sarcoma
Look for ‘c’ = cervix
Look for ‘ps’ = psychology
If it sounds like ‘sk’
Look for ‘sk’ = skeleton
Look for ‘sc’ = sclera
Look for ‘sch’ = schizophrenia

31. Pronunciation Guidelines
If it sounds like ‘z’
Look for ‘z’ = zygomatic
Look for ‘x’ = xanthoma

32. Additional Pronunciation Rules
Words that begin with ‘c’
If followed by ‘e’, ‘i’, or ‘y’
Pronounced as soft ‘c’
Has ‘j’ sound
Examples
‘ce’ = cervix
‘ci’ = circumduction
‘cy’ = cyst

33. Additional Pronunciation Rules
Words that begin with ‘c’
If followed by ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘u’, or consonant
Pronounced as hard ‘c’
Has a ‘k’ sound
Examples
‘ca’ = cancer
‘co’ = collagen
‘cu’ = cuticle
‘ch’ = cheiloplasty

34. Additional Pronunciation Rules
Word roots that end in ‘g’
If followed by ‘e’ or ‘i’
Pronounced as soft ‘g’
Sounds like ‘j’
Examples
Laryng / ectomy
Pharyng / itis

35. Additional Pronunciation Rules
Word roots that end in ‘g’
If followed by ‘a’, ‘o’, or consonant
Pronounced as hard ‘g’
Has ‘guh’ sound
Examples
Laryng / algia
Mening / ocele
Glossal

36. Possessive Forms Some diseases are named after individuals
Pronounced and written in possessive forms
Eponym (EP-oh-nim)
Name for a disease, organ, procedure, or body function
Derived from the name of a person