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CHAPTER 1 Word Building Rules
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Word Building Rules Success depends on: Learning word parts
Learning rules for combining word parts
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Word Root Basic foundation of a word Example word: cardiologist
Component parts are added to change meaning Example word: cardiologist cardi (word root) = heart Words with cardi will always refer to the heart
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Combining Form Word root + vowel = combining form
Vowel is called a combining vowel Usually an o – occasionally an i Combining vowels join word parts appropriately
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Combining Vowels: Rule
When using more than one word root – as in compound word Combining vowel is needed to separate the different word roots Usually done whether or not second or third word root begins with a vowel
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Combining Vowels: Rule
Example word: myoelectric Breakdown of word: my/o/electr/ic Root = my Combining vowel = o Root = electr Suffix = ic Note: root + vowel = combining form my + o = my/o
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Combining Vowels: Rule
A word cannot end in a combining form Drop the combining vowel Add a suffix Makes the word a noun or an adjective
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Combining Vowels: Rule
Example word: megalocardia Breakdown of word: megal/o/card/ia Root = megal Combining vowel = o Root = card Suffix = ia Note: Word cannot be megal/o/card/o Must drop combining vowel o Must add ending
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Suffix Attaches to the end of the word root
Makes a word a noun or an adjective Meaning of suffix remains the same Suffix changes meaning of root to which it is attached
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Suffix: Rule If suffix begins with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u,y)
Root will attach directly to it If suffix begins with a consonant Root will need a combining vowel before attaching to the suffix
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Suffix: Rule Example word: cardiogram
Breakdown of word: cardi/o/gram Root = cardi Combining vowel = o Suffix = gram Note: Suffix begins with a consonant Combining vowel is needed
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Suffix: Rule Example word: cardialgia Note: Suffix begins with a vowel
Breakdown of word: cardi/algia Root = cardi Suffix = algia Note: Suffix begins with a vowel Combining vowel is not needed
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Suffixes Suffixes indicate specialties and/or specialists
May be specialist in a field of study May be one who specializes in the study of May be one who treats Suffixes indicate instruments May be an instrument used to view May be an instrument used to measure
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Suffixes Suffixes indicate surgical and diagnostic procedures
May be surgical puncture May be process of recording May be process of viewing with a scope May be incision into
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Prefix Attaches to the beginning of a word
Meaning of prefix always remains the same Prefix changes meaning of root to which it is attached Not all words have prefixes
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Prefix: Rule Example word: endocardium
Breakdown of word: endo/cardi/um Prefix = endo Root = cardi Suffix = um Prefix attaches directly to beginning of word Note: Combining vowel is not needed
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Prefixes Prefixes express numbers Prefixes express measurement
None, one, two, three, four Single, double, half Prefixes express measurement Quantities: Much, many, excessive Multiples without specific numbers
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Prefixes Prefixes express position and/or direction
Used to describe a location May be: Between, under, around, away from Upon, over, within, near, middle Below, behind, above, across
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Prefixes Prefixes express color Prefixes express negatives
Color in reactions Color of growths or rashes Color of body fluids Red, blue, green, yellow White, black, gray, purple Prefixes express negatives May indicate: Not, without, lack of, against
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Word Structure Review Prefix is placed at beginning of word
Suffix is placed at end of word root Combining forms are used when word has more than one word root = compound word
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Word Structure Review Compound words are usually composed in the following order: Combining form + word root + suffix Example: Leuk o cyt osis (Combining form) + word root + suffix
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Word Structure Review Defining a medical term: Example: carditis
Define suffix first Read from right to left and define each word element Example: carditis Suffix = itis = inflammation Word root = card = heart Definition = inflammation of the heart
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Word Structure Review Medical words with prefixes
Define suffix first, prefix second, word roots last
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Word Structure Example: intracardiac Suffix = ac = pertaining to
Prefix = intra = within Word root = cardi = heart Definition = pertaining to within the heart
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Word Structure Review When medical words identify body systems or parts Define suffix first, body organs in order they are studied in body system
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Word Structure Example: cardiopulmonary Suffix = ary = pertaining to
Body organ = cardi = heart Body organ = pulmon = lungs Definition = pertaining to the heart and the lungs
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Pronunciation Guidelines
Pronunciation of medical word May be exactly like it sounds Example: febrile = ‘f’ sound, begins with ‘f’ May begin with a letter, or letters that produces the same phonetic sound Example: physiology = ‘f’ sound, begins with ‘ph’
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Pronunciation Guidelines
If it sounds like ‘f’ Look for ‘f’ = febrile Look for ‘ph’ = physiology If it sounds like ‘j’ Look for ‘j’ = jejunum Look for ‘ge’ = genesis Look for ‘gi’ = gingivitis Look for ‘gy’ = gyrus
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Pronunciation Guidelines
If it sounds like ‘k’ Look for ‘k’ = kyphosis Look for ‘c’ = cornea Look for ‘ch’ = chorion Look for ‘qu’ = quadruplet If it sounds like ‘n’ Look for ‘n’ = neonatal Look for ‘pn’ = pneumonia Look for ‘kn’ = knee
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Pronunciation Guidelines
If it sounds like ‘s’ Look for ‘s’ = sarcoma Look for ‘c’ = cervix Look for ‘ps’ = psychology If it sounds like ‘sk’ Look for ‘sk’ = skeleton Look for ‘sc’ = sclera Look for ‘sch’ = schizophrenia
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Pronunciation Guidelines
If it sounds like ‘z’ Look for ‘z’ = zygomatic Look for ‘x’ = xanthoma
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Additional Pronunciation Rules
Words that begin with ‘c’ If followed by ‘e’, ‘i’, or ‘y’ Pronounced as soft ‘c’ Has ‘j’ sound Examples ‘ce’ = cervix ‘ci’ = circumduction ‘cy’ = cyst
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Additional Pronunciation Rules
Words that begin with ‘c’ If followed by ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘u’, or consonant Pronounced as hard ‘c’ Has a ‘k’ sound Examples ‘ca’ = cancer ‘co’ = collagen ‘cu’ = cuticle ‘ch’ = cheiloplasty
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Additional Pronunciation Rules
Word roots that end in ‘g’ If followed by ‘e’ or ‘i’ Pronounced as soft ‘g’ Sounds like ‘j’ Examples Laryng / ectomy Pharyng / itis
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Additional Pronunciation Rules
Word roots that end in ‘g’ If followed by ‘a’, ‘o’, or consonant Pronounced as hard ‘g’ Has ‘guh’ sound Examples Laryng / algia Mening / ocele Glossal
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Possessive Forms Some diseases are named after individuals
Pronounced and written in possessive forms Eponym (EP-oh-nim) Name for a disease, organ, procedure, or body function Derived from the name of a person
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