1. Frog Dissection

3. Scientists believe other vertebrates evolved from BONY LOBE-FINNED fish

4. Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107

5. AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS
Moist, thin skin without scales
Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult
Feet without claws
Respiration with gills, lungs, skin, mouth
Closed 2 loop circulation
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes

6. http://users. erols. com/jkimball. ma

7. FROG ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” AMPHIBIA “double life”
LATIN meaning
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
CLASS _______________________________
ORDER _____________________________
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
AMPHIBIA “double life”
ANURA “without a tail”

8. Thin, moist skin – no scales Mucous glands make it “slimy”
Camouflage- for protection
Some have poison glands

9. BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION

10. ECTOTHERMIC “cold blooded”
Body temperature is dependent on surrounding environment

11. HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION
FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy
Images from:

12. Nictitating membrane
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13. NO CLAWS
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14. EXIT OPENINGS DIGESTIVE WASTE (feces) = _________________ ANUS
Shared EXCRETORY & REPRODUCTIVE EXIT =
_____________________________
(Urine & eggs or Urine & sperm)
ANUS
UROGENITAL PORE

15. VENT EXIT OPENINGS OPENING SHARED BY EXCRETORY, REPRODUCTIVE,
& DIGESTIVE =
______________
VENT

16. What sex is it? Images from:

18. AMPLEXUS “firm embrace”
Sperm and egg same time and place
Increases chances of fertilization

19. TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!
Imagse from:
TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!

20. Muscular Back of throat Pulls food into digestive system
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21. Connect ears to back of throat
image from:
Connect ears
to back of throat

22. GLOTTIS Opening to respiratory GULLET Opening to digestive
image from:
GLOTTIS
Opening to
respiratory
GULLET
Opening to digestive

23. Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm

24. Image from; http://faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael
Image from; Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm

25. Females may have black & white eggs
Image from; Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm
Females may have black & white eggs

26. Pericardial membrane around heart Mesentery holds intestines together
image from:
Pericardial membrane around heart
Mesentery holds intestines together

27. Mesentery holds intestines together
image from:
Mesentery holds intestines together

28. FAT BODIES Store fat for energy during Hibernation Estivation Breeding
Image from:

29. Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

30. Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

31. CONTROLS passage of food from stomach into duodenum (intestine)
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
CONTROLS passage of food from stomach
into duodenum (intestine)

32. Gall Bladder
Image from:

33. STOMACH: LIVER: GALL BLADDER Make acid and digestive enzymes
Start digestion (grind up food)
Make bile
Store glycogen
Store vitamins
Process toxins (including nitrogen waste) for kidneys
Store bile

34. PANCREAS

35. Pancreas (enlarged)

36. PANCREAS: Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
TRYPSIN- breaks down proteins
INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from
bloodstream as glycogen
GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored
glucose to blood stream

37. SPLEEN
Produces and stores new RBC’s and processes old worn out ones

38. SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM Receives trypsin and bile; finishes digestion
ILEUM
Absorbs nutrients
VILLI
Increase surface area

39. LARGE INTESTINE Removes water from digestive waste; concentrates feces
LARGE INTESTINE
Removes water from digestive waste;
concentrates feces

40. 10 Body Systems : ___________ __________ _____________ EXCRETORY
___________________
Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
Nitrogen waste has different chemical forms:
___________ __________ _____________
MOST TOXIC made from LEAST TOXIC ammonia by needs the least liver water to dilute
FISH HUMANS BIRDS, REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
EXCRETORY
AMMONIA
UREA
URIC ACID

41. ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!
DIGESTIVE waste- left over from undigested food travels through digestive system
leaves through digestive system as feces
EXCRETORY waste- (Also called NITROGEN WASTE) made by cells from break down of proteins
travels through blood stream
leaves through excretory system as
ammonia, urea, or uric acid

42. Diagram by: Riedell

43. KIDNEYS- Remove nitrogen waste from blood and dilute it with water to make urine; osmoregulation
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44. URINARY BLADDER STORES URINE MADE BY KIDNEYS LARVAE (Tadpoles)
Excrete AMMONIA like fish
Adult frogs excrete
UREA to conserve water

45. CLOACA
DIGESTIVE
EXCRETORY
REPRODUCTIVE

46. http://www. flushing. k12. mi. us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/index
LUNGS:
GAS EXCHANGE

47. BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION
BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION

48. Larvae breathe with GILLS

49. OVARIES
Make eggs
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50. Carry eggs to cloaca Add jelly coating
Image from:
Carry eggs to cloaca
Add jelly coating

51. TESTES
MAKE SPERM

52. TESTES KIDNEY

53. AMPLEXUS “firm embrace”

54. INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT Grow legs; Lose tail 2 chambers  3 chambers
1 loop  2 loops
Breathe w/ gills  lungs & skin
Excrete ammonia  excrete urea
(gills & kidneys) (kidneys)

55. Ways tadpoles are like fish
Have a LATERAL LINE
Breathe with gills
Excrete nitrogen waste as AMMONIA (with gills & kidneys)
Have a 2 chamber heart
Have a 1 loop
circulatory system

56. HEART 3 chambered heart Right atrium Left atrium Ventricle
Image from:

57. TADPOLES & FISH: 2 chambered heart 1 loop system ADULT FROG:
Images from:
TADPOLES & FISH: chambered heart
1 loop system
ADULT FROG:
3 chamber heart
2 loop system

58. MOST vertebrates have nuclei in their RBC’s
MAMMALS DON’T
RBCs’ image from:
Human RBC image from:

59. Conus arteriosus FISH CIRCULATION Sinus venosus   Atrium GILLS
BODY organs   
Atrium
GILLS  
Conus
arteriosus
Ventricle 
FISH CIRCULATION

60. Conus arteriosus FROG CIRCULATION Sinus venosus    Body organs  
RIGHTAtrium
LEFT Atrium 
Lungs      
Conus
arteriosus 
Ventricle 
FROG CIRCULATION

61. BRAIN