1. Label the Following on Your Map Using Page 646
Australia
Tasmania
New Zealand
Fiji
Tonga
Samoa/American Samoa
Papua New Guinea
Indian Ocean
South Pacific Ocean
Coral Sea

2. Unit 11 Australia, Oceania (The Pacific Rim)

3. Physical Geography
What is the Main Idea?: This vast region in the Pacific Ocean is physically isolated from other parts of the world.
The “Australia” Passage: Australia is a country and a continent; has a dry climate and a large area of desert.
The “Pacific Realm and Antarctica” Passage: describes how the Pacific Realm is made up of thousands of small islands, atolls, and coral reefs. New Zealand is part of this. Antarctica is centered on the South Pole and covered by ice.
One Map shows precipitation of Australia; other shows physical geography of the region.
Photo shows French Polynesian atoll, part of a coral reef

4. Indigenous Plants and Animals
Eucalyptus trees
Kangaroo
Wildflowers
Koala
Shrubs
Wallaby
Acacia trees
Wombat
Platypus
Echidna
Kiwi
Kakapo
Cassowary
Emu
Kookaburra

7. Biological Hitchhikers
Original Cause:
Europeans introduce rabbits
First Effect:
Rabbits become feral
Second Effect:
Rabbits damage crops and grazing lands

8. Biological Hitchhikers
Original Cause:
Non-native plants arrive
First Effect:
Invasive plants spread widely
Second Effect:
Can smother native plants and harm trees

9. The Pacific Islands High Islands: Formed by volcanic activity
Have plentiful rainfall
Formed over hotspots
Molten material cools and forms cones underwater
Have fertile soil which people can farm
Pineapples, sugarcane, mangoes grow well
Mountainous

10. The Pacific Islands Low Islands
Are coral islands and often sit on coral reefs
Formed by skeletons of tiny marine animals
May form around the base of a volcano
Can be atolls
Have less rainfall
Drought is common
Smaller than high islands
Rise just above sea level
People living there depend on fishing

11. The Pacific Islands Similarities:
Both formed over long periods of time
Both have tropical warm climate with wet and dry seasons

12. Indigenous Populations
The Aborigines Culture: the oldest continuous human culture in the world; culture developed in isolation When and Where: perhaps 30,000 BC, crossed from Asia to Australia by land bridge Characteristics: were nomadic hunters and gatherers; lived in clans; attached to land and believed some sites were sacred

13. Indigenous Populations
What Happened: European settlers took over land, Aborigines’ population fell; today, only 2.5% of population of Australia Summary: The Aboriginal culture developed from their strong attachment to the land. The land held material and spiritual significance to them, which is reflected in their art and their way of life.

14. Seagoing Societies
Earliest settlers and seafarers: from Southeast Asia, southern China, and Taiwan; settled on islands in the Pacific Ocean Seafarer Societies: built canoes with floats called outrigger canoes; used the stars and flights of birds for navigation; made maps with shells and sticks to travel between islands Early cultures that developed: people on larger islands farmed, people on smaller islands fished; people shared language and culture; people sometimes moved to another island

15. Seagoing Societies
Arrival of Europeans: contact with Europeans in 1700s for most islands; James Cook charted the islands Why navigation is important: Navigation skills allowed people to travel between islands without getting lost at sea.

16. From Convicts to Colonists
The British send convicts to Australia starting in 1788 because prisons in Britain are overcrowded
The convicts built roads, bridges, buildings, and farms
The colonies grow because some convicts stay on
In 1831, The British give people money to migrate to Australia
In 1851, the Australian gold rush brings settlers from Asia and Pacific Islands
By 1860, the population is more than a million

17. From Convicts to Colonists
People settle across the continent; Aborigines are pushed off ancestral lands
Australian colonists unite
In 1901, Australia becomes a Commonwealth

18. Timeline of Colonial Conflict
Label the Timeline
: Cook explores New Zealand and Australia
1788: Establish Australia colony
1816: Restrict Aborigines
: Recognize Aboriginal land rights
1840: Maori leaders allow British colonization
1860s: Maori and British fight
1870: Peace established

19. Timeline…
2. How long after establishing a colony in Australia did the British colonize New Zealand? Why do you think this was the case?
British colonize New Zealand in 1840
British colonize Australia in 1788
= 52 years
Australia colonies established influence in the region to convince the Maori

20. Timeline….
3. How did the British relationship with the Maori differ from their treatment of the Australian Aborigines?
British traders and settlers initially respected Maori land rights, but forced Aborigines off of their land.
Maori were willing to enter into trade with the British, causing the British to view them more favorably
Less initial conflict between the Maori and British

21. Australian Settlers
Why is Jeffrey so disappointed upon his arrival in Van Diemen’s Land?
“…I gazed upon the savage grandeur of Van Diemen’s Land with bitter disappointment. It seemed hard to be banished forever from the busy hum and gaieties of the old world; to be so utterly estranged from cherished scenes and associations….”
Savage, away from the hum and gaieties of the old world, and removed from cherished scenes…..
He missed the city in Great Britain, he doesn’t like the wilderness

22. Australian Settlers
2. In the folk song, why are the cots “fenced with fire”?
“To drive away the wolves and tigers upon Van Diemen’s Land”

23. Australian Settlers
3. How do both Jeffrey’s account and the folk song portray the convict experience?
Both describe the savage wilderness. Jeffery focuses on how different it is from home/old world. The folk song focuses on the dangerous conditions

24. Australian Settlers
4. Based on both excerpts, what conclusions can you draw about life as a convict settler?
Life as a convict settler was hard due to the unfamiliar, dangerous territory and the poor living conditions

25. From Ranch to City Cities: Most Australians live in or near cities
Most are located along coasts
Plentiful goods and services attract newcomers
Rural Areas:
Arid climate makes farming and ranching difficult
Farmers and ranchers depend on irrigation
Droughts create crises for farmers and ranchers

26. From Ranch to City Both Cities and Rural Areas:
Climate affects population patterns, economic opportunities
Cause and Effect:
Ocean water is salty, and excessive amounts of salt are bad for the soil. Salty soil cannot sustain crops.

27. Polynesian Cultures
Art and Literature: Traditional stories explain how the universe was created
Stories passed along by word of mouth through oral tradition
Rich traditions in dance, music, and visual arts
Festival of Pacific arts held every four years
Languages: In the 1970s, people feared some languages were disappearing
Some schools in the 1970s had programs that taught only traditional languages
Today, knowledge of Polynesian languages is more widespread

28. Polynesian Cultures
Traditional Family Structure: Several generations of a family lived together.
Older members of a family taught children traditions and customs
Recent Changes: increasing urbanization due to economic pressures
Some Polynesians have emigrated away from homes
Inferences: Immigration probably strains or changes the traditional family structure. People who are moving away from rural areas to cities may not be bringing their entire families with them or living with several generations in their new homes.

29. New Trade Patterns
Main Idea: Trade partnerships benefit the economies of countries throughout the region
Detail: Trade within the region strengthens economic ties among countries
Detail: APEC alliances help Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea compete globally
Detail: Free trade agreements encourage trade by reducing tariffs

30. New Trade Patterns
Summary: Australia is the economic and trade hub for the region, and countries’ trade partnerships benefit all. APEC strengthens trade around the Pacific, foster free trade agreements, keeping prices low. Doing all of this allows all of these countries to compete globally.

31. Rights for Indigenous People
Introduction: The rights of indigenous people were denied for centuries, but conditions have improved in recent decades.
Main Idea: British forced Aboriginal assimilation
Detail: Aboriginal children were separated from their parents and placed in mission schools and homes
Main Idea: Improved Aboriginal civil rights
Detail: Aborigines gained the right to vote in national elections in 1962

32. Rights for Indigenous People
Main Idea: Improved Aboriginal property rights
Detail: The 1976 Land Rights Act enabled Aborigines to reclaim some ancestral lands
Main Idea: British-Maori land struggles
Detail: The Treaty of Waitangi was ignored for more than 100 years, but Maori have recently reclaimed some lands
Conclusion: Both the Maori and the Aborigines have struggled to attain legal protections and they may not yet have achieved full justice

33. Adventure Tourism
Main Idea: Adventure Tourism has become a major industry throughout the region
Details: New Zealand’s terrain attracts mountain bikers and rock climbers
Whale Watching off New Zealand coast, Great Barrier Reef attracts millions, Antarctica’s extreme environment and wildlife attract hikers.
Many jobs are created due to these, but there are questions about how it effects Pacific Island cultures
Draw Conclusions: New Zealand has varied terrain, including mountains or hills, and a great deal of coastline

34. New Zealand Today
Central Concept: New Zealand works to preserve and protect its heritage and its environment
Supporting Idea: maintaining Maori culture
Details: renewed Maori focus on traditional arts and ceremonies; Maori is one of the country’s official languages
Supporting Idea: protecting national heritage
Details: high standards for clean air and water; nearly 30 percent of land is protected by government

35. New Zealand Today
Supporting Idea: responsible energy use to protect environment
Details: solar, wind, and water-based energy production; geothermal energy is low-cost and nonpolluting
Draw Conclusions: Official government acknowledgment draws attention to the importance of the Maori language and may cause it to be used more often