1. CELLS

2. Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke.
He observed the slices of cork from the bark of an oak tree-dead plant cells.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe living cells.
Your body is made of about 100 trillion cells!
** Observations and conclusions of
scientists from the late 17th century
to the time of scientists, Schwann,
Schleiden, and Virchow are summarized
into the Cell Theory.**

3. Three parts of the cell theory: 1
Three parts of the cell theory: 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Life =

4. Unicellular- organisms made of one single cell; Ex: bacteria
Multicellular- organisms made of many cells working together; Ex: plants, animals, most fungi
DNA: biomolecules in a cell containing genetic information & helps form chromosomes

5. Two Cell Types:
1.) Prokaryote-the simplest cells
* Small, simple and lack membrane-bound organelles.
*They have no nucleus.
*DNA is found floating in the cytoplasm (called nucleoid region)
* Average cell size 1-10 µm
* No membrane enclosed organelles
* reproduce asexually usually through binary fission
*materials usually move through diffusion since its random movement is fast enough to move chemicals over short distances
Prokaryotic cells contain:
*cell wall (most)
*cell or plasma membrane
*cytoplasm
*ribosomes

6. Examples:. Bacteria is the ONLY example of a prokaryotic cell
Examples: * Bacteria is the ONLY example of a prokaryotic cell. * Many bacteria have flagella, which are long, threadlike structures that protrude from the cell’s surface and enable movement. * Bacteria flagella rotate, propelling a bacterium through its environment. Pili- small, hollow, hair-like projections that emerge from the cell. These outgrowths assist some bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks. Without pili, many disease-causing bacteria lose their ability to infect because they're unable to attach to host tissue.

7. Capsule: thin, outermost layer of the prokaryotic cell that provides protection
Plasmid: circular structures that are a genetic element in prokaryotic cells that is not part of the main DNA strand; involved in cellular growth and metabolism
Metabolism: process where cells make, store, and transport chemicals

8. Bacterial shapes:. spirillum- spiral shaped. bacillus- rod shaped
Bacterial shapes: *spirillum- spiral shaped *bacillus- rod shaped *coccus- spherical or round shaped

10. State Test Question In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is found—
floating in the cytoplasm.
attached to the ribosomes.
surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
contained in the vacuole.

11. State Test Question Which of the following are prokaryotes? Protists
Plants
Fungi
Bacteria

13. 2.)Eukaryote
*Large ( µm), complex and contain membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus.
Example: Plants, Fungi, and Animals
* Eukaryotic cells have a TRUE nucleus, which houses the cell’s DNA. Other internal compartments, called organelles, enable eukaryotic cells to function in ways different from bacteria.
* An organelle is a structure that carries out specific activities in the cell.
Many single-celled eukaryotes use flagella for movement.
Short hair like structures packed in tight rows, called cilia protrude from the surface of some eukaryotic cells.
Flagella or cilia propel some cells through their environment.
In other cells, cilia and flagella move substances across the cell’s surface.
Example: Cilia on cells of the human respiratory system sweep mucus and other debris out of the lungs.

14. State Test Question
Which of these types of cell has a nuclear membrane?
A. Spirillum
B. Coccus
C. Liver
D. Bacillus

15. State Test Question
Coded information for heredity and protein production is contained in DNA found in the eukaryotic cell structure called the—
A. nucleus.
B. plasma membrane.
C. endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi apparatus.

16. Flagella
Cilia

17. State Test Question
What structure could a cellular organism use to move through its environment?
Flagellum
Cell wall
Mitochondrion
Lysosome

18. 2. Cell Size and Shape: - The symbol “µ” stands for the prefix micro.
- A micrometer (µm) is a unit of linear measurement equal to one-millionth of a meter, or one-thousandth of a millimeter.
- Cell size and organelle size is measured in micrometers (µm). This means that they are microscopic.
- Most cells are cubical or spherical. A cell’s shape can determine its function or job.

19. Both Animal and Plant Cells Contain These Organelles
1. Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is primarily composed of phospholipids & proteins & some cholesterol
Various proteins are located in the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane.
Small protein molecules found on the cell membrane called recognition proteins act as receptors to “recognize self” – bringing other cells & proteins together for structure & support
A phospholipid is a lipid made of a glycerol (head) and two fatty acids (tails).
A phospholipid “head” is polar and its two fatty acid “tails” are nonpolar.
Transport proteins aid in the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

20. State Test Question
Which of the following is usually measured in micrometers?
A. Specimen mass
B. Organelle length
C. Tree height
D. Sound intensity

21. Both Animal and Plant Cells Contain These Organelles
Cell Membrane Cont.
It surrounds and protects the cell and allows only certain substances to pass in and out of the cell.
The cell membrane allows the cell to remain separate from the environment.
It is a Selectively permeable membrane, which means it keeps out some molecules but allows others to pass through.
-The cell membrane regulates or controls what comes into and out of the cell. Like gases, nutrients and wastes. (homeostasis)

22. Both Animal and Plant Cells Contain These Organelles
Cell Membrane Cont.
Small molecules, like H2O, CO2, O2 and soluble end products of digestion, pass through easily.
Large molecules, like glucose and ions, do not pass through easily.
This control keeps the cell alive and well. If it wasn’t selectively permeable, everything on the outside would come inside.

23. State Test Question
The unique properties of a cell membrane arise from the arrangement of two layers of organic molecules called—
cellulose.
nitrates.
nucleic acids.
phospholipids.

25. State Test Question
The part of a eukaryotic cell that allows it to remain separate from the outside environment is the—
A. cell membrane.
B. ribosome.
C. cytoplasm.
D. golgi vesicles

26. Both Animal and Plant Cells Contain These Organelles
2. Cytoplasm (cytosol)
A fluid-like material that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
Many metabolic processes occur here
Contains the organelles
**The cytoskeleton (in the cytoplasm) is a web of protein fibers that holds the cell together and keeps the cell membrane from collapsing or folding.
The cytoskeleton is made of microtubules and microfilaments

27. State Test Question Animal cells maintain their shape by having—
A. cytoskeletons.
B. cell walls.
C. cytoplasm.
D. chromosomes.

28. State Test Question
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?
Cell movement
Selective permeability
Containing spindle fibers for cell division
Anchoring organelles

30. State Test Question
Which of the following structures would you expect to find when examining a bacteria cell?
A cellulose cell wall
Chromosomes within a nucleus
A phospholipids cell membrane
Cytoplasmic organelles

31. The control center of “brain” of the cell.
3. Nucleus
The control center of “brain” of the cell.
The nucleus directs cell activities and stores DNA.
The nucelus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope or membrane.
The nuclear envelope is made of two bilayers that separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Substances that are made in the nucleus include ribosomal proteins and RNA, which move into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores.
The nucleus contains DNA, which stores heredity information
DNA comes in one of two forms:
Chromatin is a threadlike structure made of DNA and special proteins that is not visible
Chromosomes form when chromatin coils up, shortens, and thickens a cell is preparing to divide. Chromosomes are the only form of DNA that is visible

32. State Test Question
The structure shown above is found in what part of a eukaryotic cell?
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

34. Both Animal and Plant Cells Contain These Organelles
4. Nucleolus
Dense, dark structures inside the nucleus.
AKA – “Little Nucleus”
Stores rRNA that forms ribosomes.
Nuclear Membrane (envelope):
double-layered, selectively permeable membrane surrounding the nucleus
Contains nuclear pores allowing only certain things to leave the nucleus (ribosomes, ions, mRNA).

36. Both Animal and Plant Cells Contain These Organelles
Endomembrane system:
Organelles that assemble and transport proteins include ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.
Found in the space between the nucleus and cell membrane
Possible route of a protein: made at a ribosome, transported in ER, vesicle to next location, modified & packaged at Golgi, vesicle to next location (another organelle or out of cell)

37. Both Animal and Plant Cells Contain These Organelles
5. Ribosomes
Tiny “dot” organelles located on the rough ER and throughout the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes are not considered membrane-bound.
They are the site of protein synthesis.
A cell makes proteins using ribosomes
The building of proteins from amino acids occurs on the cell’s ribosomes.
Some ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm, while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

38. State Test Question
The building of proteins from amino acids occurs on the cell’s—
membrane.
ribosomes.
nucleus.
centriole.

39. State Test Question
Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed PRIMARILY on the cell’s—
mitochondria.
lysosomes.
ribosomes.
membrane.

40. State Test Question
Which of the cellular structures labeled above is responsible for protein synthesis?
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus

42. Both Animal And Plant Cells Have These Organelles
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Materials can be produced and moved around within a cell by using the endoplasmic reticulum.
The ER is a membrane system of folded sacs and tunnels that functions as an intracellular highway (otherwise known as a path for molecules to move from one part of the cell to another)
The rough ER helps transport the proteins that are made by its attached ribosomes.
As each protein is made, it crosses the ER membrane and enters the ER.
The portion of the ER that contains the completed protein pinches off to form a vesicle.
Proteins must enter the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported to other parts of the cell.
- It helps make the cell membrane and modify proteins.

43. State Test Question
Which of the structures below transports material within the cell?
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Mitochondria

44. Both Animal And Plant Cells Have These Organelles
The canals of the ER connect the cell membrane with the nuclear membrane.
Two Types of ER:
1. Rough ER
Has ribosomes on the membrane and helps transport the proteins that are made by its attached ribosomes.
A vesicle is a small, membrane-bound sac that stores and transports substances in cells. By enclosing certain proteins inside the vesicles, the eukaryotic cell keeps these proteins separate from proteins that are produced by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Smooth ER
It lacks ribosomes (appearing smooth) and produces and stores certain lipids.

45. State Test Question
Proteins must enter the endoplasmic reticulum to be—
transported to other parts of the cell.
used in building new strands of RNA.
synthesized into genetic codes.
excreted as waste material.

47. Both Animal And Plant Cells Have These Organelles
7. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi complex or Golgi bodies)
Vesicles that contain newly made proteins move through the cytoplasm from the ER to an organelle called the golgi apparatus.
It is stacks of flattened membranes with vesicles that packages and assembles many cell products.
The Golgi Apparatus serves as the manufacturing, packaging, and shipping center.
It receives, chemically modifies using enzymes, and repackages proteins and lipids into forms the cell can use, expel, or keep stored.
The modified proteins are then enclosed in new vesicles that break off from the surface of the golgi apparatus.
Found in cells that produce secretions, like the cells of glands

49. Both Animal And Plant Cells Have These Organelles
8. Mitochondria
They are called the “powerhouse” of the cell because it produces energy (ATP).
They are the site of aerobic cellular respiration.
Uses chemical energy from food (glucose) to produce high-energy compounds (ATP) producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct

50. Both Animal And Plant Cells Have These Organelles
8. Mitochondria continued
Typical animal cells have 1,000-2,000 mitochondria
A cell that requires a lot of energy, like a muscle cell, would contain large numbers of mitochondria
Mitochondria have a double membrane and contain their own DNA and ribosomes
The inner folds located in the membrane of the mitochondria are called cristae

51. State Test Question
Endoplasmic reticulum is to mitochondrion as road is to—
control center.
generator.
storage tank.
toll gate.

52. =
Mitochondria
Power

53. Both Animal And Plant Cells Have These Organelles
9. Vacuole
Small, fluid-filled vesicles that store materials like water, salts, wastes, food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell.
**Plant Cell have a single, large vacuole that can occupy most of the space, while animal cells may/may not have multiple, small vacuoles.*

54. State Test Question Golgi apparatus is to vacuole as packaging is to—
protecting.
storing.
absorbing.
hydrating.

55. Found In Animal cells Only
Centrioles
Tiny, cylindrical structures made of microtubules (thin, hollow protein tubes)
found in pairs near the nucleus
Involved in animal cell division and form the spindle apparatus and cleavage furrow.
Centrosome: pair of centrioles

56. Found in Animal Cells ONLY
Lysosomes
Small spherical organelles
that contain digestive
enzymes to digest Carbs,
proteins, & lipids.
They take care of foreign
particles ( viruses or bacteria)
entering the cell, “digest”
worn out cell parts, and
remove waste
Allows apoptosis to occur;
apoptosis is programmed
cell death

57. Found In Plant Cells Only
1. Chloroplasts
Found in plant and plant-like protist cells (algae)
It is the site of photosynthesis
Contain a double membrane & have their own DNA making them similar to mitochondria

58. Found In Plant Cells Only
1. Chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll: green, photosynthetic pigment that converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose) for later use producing oxygen as a byproduct
stacks of flattened sacs called thylakoids make up the chloroplasts
Granum: stack of thylakoids

59. Found In Plant Cells Only

60. Found in Plant Cells 2. Cell Wall
Found in plant and fungi cells allowing them to stand up
The cell wall consists of a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates, including the polysaccharide cellulose in plants and nitrogen containing chitin in fungi.
The cell wall helps provide extra shape and support for the cell and protects the plant cell from expanding under pressure
The cell wall is a structure found outside the cell membrane in plants that provides strength and rigidity, but does not affect the passages of materials in and out of the cell

62. State Test Question
Which of the following organelles are NOT found in both animal and plant cells?
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles

63. State Test Question
When viewed under a microscope, a cell has several structures visible, including a membrane-bound nucleus, a cell wall, and several mitochondria. What type of cell is it?
A. Bacterial cell
B. Prokaryote
C. Plant cell
D. Animal cell

64. State Test Question
All of the following statements about plant and animal cells are accurate EXCEPT—
plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not.
animal cells have mitochondria, but plant cells do not.
animal cells have centrioles, but plants cells do not.
both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic.

65. State Test Question
When viewed through a microscope, which of the following would indicate that a sample contained eukaryotic cells?
Cell walls
Chloroplasts
Single-celled organisms
Nuclei

66. State Test Question
The cell shown above is NOT an animal cell because—
it has a membrane-bound nucleus.
it has a cell wall.
it contains mitochondria.
it is too large.

67. 6 Kingdoms
All living organisms are grouped into one of six large kingdoms based on similarities
Two contain only prokaryotes: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
The other four contain eukaryotes: Fungi, Protists, Plants, and Animals

68. Prokaryotic Kingdoms Archaebacteria: Eubacteria: prokaryotes
unicellular
resemble bacteria
live in extreme conditions like hot springs & salt lakes
Eubacteria:
Prokaryotes
Unicellular
typical, true bacteria

69. Eukaryotic kingdoms
Since eukaryotic cells contain organelles like the mitochondria and chloroplasts, they can undergo cellular respiration and photosynthesis to obtain energy
Photosynthesis:
Occurs in chloroplasts in plants or plant-like protists (autotrophs)
Turns light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose
Cellular respiration:
Occurs in the mitochondria (autotrophs & heterotrophs)
cells use oxygen to help break down glucose to release energy and carbon dioxide
Fungi, animals, and plants go through cellular respiration

70. Eukaryotic Kingdoms 3. Protists: Eukaryotes; mostly Unicellular
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Ex: algae, paramecia, Euglena, protozoa, slime molds, amoeba (irregularly shaped)
Contain a contractile vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell: important for protists that live in fresh water (hypotonic-water will move into the cell and the cell will burst)
Can use cilia, flagella, or pseudopods for locomotion
Pseudopod: “false foot”; temporary extensions of cytoplasm that amoebas use to move

71. Eukaryotic Kingdoms 4. Fungi: Unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic: uses cellular respiration to undergo extracellular digestion to release digestive enzymes into the food around them, the enzymes digest the food, then the fungi absorbs the nutrients into their cells
Ex: molds, mushrooms, yeast

72. Eukaryotic Kingdoms 5. Plants:
Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthetic)
Ex: mosses, ferns, grass, vegetable plants, trees
6. Animals:
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
Ex: sponges, jellyfish, worms, snails, insects, fish, frogs, lizards, birds, kangaroos