Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19

Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19
Lesson 19 Vocabulary The Concept of Voice 1st & 2nd Conj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: Present Passive Indicative Imperfect Passive Indicative Future Passive Indicative Present Passive Imperative

Lesson 19 Vocabulary

aestās, aestātis, f. summer

hiems, hiemis, f. winter

lūx, lūcis, f. light

pāx, pācis, f. peace

salūs, salūtis, f. safety, welfare

vōx, vōcis, f. voice

The Concept of Voice

Verb Characteristics All Latin verbs have FIVE characteristics; we have seen four so far: Person: “who?” – 1st / 2nd / 3rd Number: “how many?” – SG / PL Tense: “when?” – pres. / impf. / fut. / perf. / plupf. / fut. pf. Mood: “what kind of action?” – indic. / impv. / [subjunctive] the fifth characteristic of a Latin verb is VOICE

The Concept of Voice voice tells you whether the subject is doing the action or the action is being done to the subject if the subject is doing the action, the verb is in the active voice (we have only seen active verbs) I was watching the lions in the arena. Leōnēs in arenā spectābam.

The Concept of Voice voice tells you whether the subject is doing the action or the action is being done to the subject if the subject is being acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice I was being watched by the lions in the arena. Spectābar ā leōnibus in arenā. In English, we tend to avoid using the passive voice, but Latin uses it very frequently

1st-2nd Conjugation Present System, Passive Voice

The Passive Voice SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd
in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference: the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!! Passive Personal Endings SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd

The Passive Voice SG PL 1st -or, -r 2nd 3rd
in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference: the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!! Passive Personal Endings SG PL 1st -or, -r 2nd 3rd

The Passive Voice SG PL 1st -or, -r 2nd -ris, -re 3rd
in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference: the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!! Passive Personal Endings SG PL 1st -or, -r 2nd -ris, -re 3rd

The Passive Voice SG PL 1st -or, -r 2nd -ris, -re 3rd -tur
in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference: the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!! Passive Personal Endings SG PL 1st -or, -r 2nd -ris, -re 3rd -tur

The Passive Voice SG PL 1st -or, -r -mur 2nd -ris, -re 3rd -tur
in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference: the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!! Passive Personal Endings SG PL 1st -or, -r -mur 2nd -ris, -re 3rd -tur

The Passive Voice SG PL 1st -or, -r -mur 2nd -ris, -re -minī 3rd -tur
in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference: the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!! Passive Personal Endings SG PL 1st -or, -r -mur 2nd -ris, -re -minī 3rd -tur

The Passive Voice SG PL 1st -or, -r -mur 2nd -ris, -re -minī 3rd -tur
in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference: the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!! Passive Personal Endings SG PL 1st -or, -r -mur 2nd -ris, -re -minī 3rd -tur -ntur

A Note on Sum, Esse, Fuī, Futūrus
Passive forms DO NOT EXIST! The verb “to be” only exists in the active voice Active forms of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus are used in constructing the perfect passive system But the passive of “to be” itself does not exist

Present Passive Indicative

Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnā 2nd 3rd

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnor* oppugnā 2nd 3rd * Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnor* oppugnā 2nd oppugnāris 3rd * Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnor* oppugnā 2nd oppugnāris 3rd oppugnātur * Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnor* oppugnāmur 2nd oppugnāris oppugnā 3rd oppugnātur * Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnor* oppugnāmur 2nd oppugnāris oppugnāminī 3rd oppugnātur oppugnā * Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnor* oppugnāmur 2nd oppugnāris oppugnāminī 3rd oppugnātur oppugnantur * Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st tenē 2nd 3rd

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st teneor* tenē 2nd 3rd * Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st teneor* tenē 2nd tenēris 3rd tene * Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st teneor* tenē 2nd tenēris 3rd tenētur tene * Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st teneor* tenēmur 2nd tenēris tenē 3rd tenētur tene * Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st teneor* tenēmur 2nd tenēris tenēminī 3rd tenētur tene * Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st teneor* tenēmur 2nd tenēris tenēminī 3rd tenētur tenentur * Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active

Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj.
Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG 2nd SG 3rd SG 1st PL 2nd PL 3rd PL

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnor 2nd SG oppugnāris 3rd SG oppugnātur 1st PL oppugnāmur 2nd PL oppugnāminī 3rd PL oppugnantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnor I am attacked 2nd SG oppugnāris 3rd SG oppugnātur 1st PL oppugnāmur 2nd PL oppugnāminī 3rd PL oppugnantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnor I am attacked 2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked 3rd SG oppugnātur 1st PL oppugnāmur 2nd PL oppugnāminī 3rd PL oppugnantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnor I am attacked 2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked 3rd SG oppugnātur s/he/it is attacked 1st PL oppugnāmur 2nd PL oppugnāminī 3rd PL oppugnantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnor I am attacked 2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked 3rd SG oppugnātur s/he/it is attacked 1st PL oppugnāmur we are attacked 2nd PL oppugnāminī 3rd PL oppugnantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnor I am attacked 2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked 3rd SG oppugnātur s/he/it is attacked 1st PL oppugnāmur we are attacked 2nd PL oppugnāminī you (pl.) are attacked 3rd PL oppugnantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnor I am attacked 2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked 3rd SG oppugnātur s/he/it is attacked 1st PL oppugnāmur we are attacked 2nd PL oppugnāminī you (pl.) are attacked 3rd PL oppugnantur they are attacked

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold Latin English 1st SG 2nd SG 3rd SG 1st PL 2nd PL 3rd PL

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold Latin English 1st SG teneor 2nd SG tenēris 3rd SG tenētur 1st PL tenēmur 2nd PL tenēminī 3rd PL tenentur

Translating: subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold Latin English 1st SG teneor I am held 2nd SG tenēris you are held 3rd SG tenētur s/he/it is held 1st PL tenēmur we are held 2nd PL tenēminī you (pl.) are held 3rd PL tenentur they are held

Imperfect Passive Indicative

Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the impf. infix/marker –ba– Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the impf. infix/marker –ba– Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnā 2nd 3rd

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the impf. infix/marker –ba– Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnābar oppugnābāmur 2nd oppugnābāris oppugnābāminī 3rd oppugnābātur oppugnābantur

Imperf. Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the impf. infix/marker –ba– Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the impf. infix/marker –ba– Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st tenē 2nd 3rd

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the impf. infix/marker –ba– Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st tenēba tenēbā 2nd 3rd

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the impf. infix/marker –ba– Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st tenēbar tenēbāmur 2nd tenēbāris tenēbāminī 3rd tenēbātur tenēbantur

Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj.
Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG 2nd SG 3rd SG 1st PL 2nd PL 3rd PL

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābar 2nd SG oppugnābāris 3rd SG oppugnābātur 1st PL oppugnābāmur 2nd PL oppugnābāminī 3rd PL oppugnābantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked 2nd SG oppugnābāris 3rd SG oppugnābātur 1st PL oppugnābāmur 2nd PL oppugnābāminī 3rd PL oppugnābantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked 2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked 3rd SG oppugnābātur 1st PL oppugnābāmur 2nd PL oppugnābāminī 3rd PL oppugnābantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked 2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked 3rd SG oppugnābātur s/he/it was being attacked 1st PL oppugnābāmur 2nd PL oppugnābāminī 3rd PL oppugnābantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked 2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked 3rd SG oppugnābātur s/he/it was being attacked 1st PL oppugnābāmur we were being attacked 2nd PL oppugnābāminī 3rd PL oppugnābantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked 2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked 3rd SG oppugnābātur s/he/it was being attacked 1st PL oppugnābāmur we were being attacked 2nd PL oppugnābāminī you (pl.) were being attacked 3rd PL oppugnābantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked 2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked 3rd SG oppugnābātur s/he/it was being attacked 1st PL oppugnābāmur we were being attacked 2nd PL oppugnābāminī you (pl.) were being attacked 3rd PL oppugnābantur they were being attacked

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold Latin English 1st SG 2nd SG 3rd SG 1st PL 2nd PL 3rd PL

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold Latin English 1st SG tenēbar 2nd SG tenēbāris 3rd SG tenēbātur 1st PL tenēbāmur 2nd PL tenēbāminī 3rd PL tenēbantur

Translating: subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold Latin English 1st SG tenēbar I was being held 2nd SG tenēbāris you were being held 3rd SG tenēbātur s/he/it was being held 1st PL tenēbāmur we were being held 2nd PL tenēbāminī you (pl.) were being held 3rd PL tenēbantur they were being held

Future Passive Indicative

Future Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–* Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–* Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnā 2nd 3rd

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–* Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnābo oppugnābi 2nd oppugnābe 3rd oppugnābu *just like in the active: 1st SG drops the –i in –bi– before –o(r) | 3rd PL, –i  –u **N.B.: in 2nd SG, –i changes to –e before –ris

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–* Add the passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 1st oppugnābor oppugnābimur 2nd oppugnāberis oppugnābiminī 3rd oppugnābitur oppugnābuntur *just like in the active: 1st SG drops the –i in –bi– before –o(r) | 3rd PL, –i  –u **N.B.: in 2nd SG, –i changes to –e before –ris

Future Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–* Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–* Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st tenē 2nd 3rd

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–* Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st tenēbo tenēbi 2nd tenēbe 3rd tenēbu *just like in the active: 1st SG drops the –i in –bi– before –o(r) | 3rd PL, –i  –u **N.B.: in 2nd SG, –i changes to –e before –ris

Forming (same as 1st conj.): Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–* Add the passive personal endings teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold SG PL 1st tenēbor tenēbimur 2nd tenēberis tenēbiminī 3rd tenēbitur tenēbuntur *just like in the active: 1st SG drops the –i in –bi– before –o(r) | 3rd PL, –i  –u **N.B.: in 2nd SG, –i changes to –e before –ris

Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj.
Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG 2nd SG 3rd SG 1st PL 2nd PL 3rd PL

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābor 2nd SG oppugnāberis 3rd SG oppugnābitur 1st PL oppugnābimur 2nd PL oppugnābiminī 3rd PL oppugnābuntur

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked 2nd SG oppugnāberis 3rd SG oppugnābitur 1st PL oppugnābimur 2nd PL oppugnābiminī 3rd PL oppugnābuntur

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked 2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked 3rd SG oppugnābitur 1st PL oppugnābimur 2nd PL oppugnābiminī 3rd PL oppugnābuntur

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked 2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked 3rd SG oppugnābitur s/he/it will be attacked 1st PL oppugnābimur 2nd PL oppugnābiminī 3rd PL oppugnābuntur

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked 2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked 3rd SG oppugnābitur s/he/it will be attacked 1st PL oppugnābimur we shall be attacked 2nd PL oppugnābiminī 3rd PL oppugnābuntur

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked 2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked 3rd SG oppugnābitur s/he/it will be attacked 1st PL oppugnābimur we shall be attacked 2nd PL oppugnābiminī you (pl.) will be attacked 3rd PL oppugnābuntur

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack Latin English 1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked 2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked 3rd SG oppugnābitur s/he/it will be attacked 1st PL oppugnābimur we shall be attacked 2nd PL oppugnābiminī you (pl.) will be attacked 3rd PL oppugnābuntur they will be attacked

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold Latin English 1st SG 2nd SG 3rd SG 1st PL 2nd PL 3rd PL

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold Latin English 1st SG tenēbor 2nd SG tenēberis 3rd SG tenēbitur 1st PL tenēbimur 2nd PL tenēbiminī 3rd PL tenēbuntur

Translating: subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold Latin English 1st SG tenēbor I shall be held 2nd SG tenēberis you will be held 3rd SG tenēbitur s/he/it will be held 1st PL tenēbimur we shall be held 2nd PL tenēbiminī you (pl.) will be held 3rd PL tenēbuntur they will be held

Present Passive Imperative

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the 2nd person sg/pl passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 2nd

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the 2nd person sg/pl passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack SG PL 2nd oppugnā

Forming: Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) Add the 2nd person sg*/pl passive personal endings oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack * 2nd SG Pres. Pass. Impv. uses the –re ending, NOT –ris N.B.: the 2nd SG pres. act. impv. and the pres. act. infin. are the same the 2nd PL pres. pass. indic. & 2nd PL pres. pass. impv. are the same These impv. forms are rare, and will usually be at the beginning of the sentence and/or have a vocative form with them if they are impv. SG PL 2nd oppugnāre* oppugnāminī

Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19

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