Confined Space Training

Confined Space Training
June 2019

Regulatory Requirements
Per 29 CFR (g)(1), “The employer shall provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated by this section acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe performance of the duties assigned under this section.” This training material satisfies OSHA’s requirement for general employee awareness of confined space hazards. For employees entering Permit Required Confined Spaces, training must also include site-specific information.

Statistics 136 U.S. workers died in confined space incidents in 2015 (NFPA) More than 60% of confined space fatalities occur among would-be rescuers (NIOSH) Causes of Fatalities (see pie chart) Statistics NFPA creates new guide for safe confined space entry work: CDC Confined Space page: NIOSH Preventing Occupational Fatalities in Confined Spaces:

Definition of Confined Space
Permit NOT Required Large enough to enter and work Limited entry and exit Not designated for occupancy Permit Required (PRCS) PLUS a serious safety hazard

Design Hazard Examples Work-Created Hazard Examples
Potential Hazards Hazardous atmospheres Hazardous energies Engulfing materials Sloping walls or floors Design Hazard Examples Heat, sparks (hot work) Noise Others? Work-Created Hazard Examples Whiteboard exercise – list confined spaces in your work area What are your confined spaces?

Before entering a Permit Required Confined Space
Step by Step Identify and label permit spaces Assess and plan to control hazards Assign roles and train workers Develop pre-entry plan Complete permit

Step 1: Identify your spaces and label
Exercise – use your site’s list of confined spaces and populate this form using the decision flow chart. Refer to handout “Type of Confined Space Decision Flow Chart”

Step 2: Assess Risks Elimination - Remove the hazard
Substitution - Replace the hazard Engineering Controls - Isolate people from the hazard Administrative Controls - Change the way people work Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Protect the employee with PPE (Last resort) Hierarchy of Controls Controlling exposures to hazards is the fundamental method of protecting workers. Traditionally, a hierarchy of controls has been used as a means of determining how to implement feasible and effective control solutions. The idea behind this hierarchy is that the control methods at the top of graphic are potentially more effective and protective than those at the bottom. Following this hierarchy normally leads to the implementation of inherently safer systems, where the risk of illness or injury has been substantially reduced. -Eliminating a hazard is the most effective means to manage a hazard. Eliminate at design or engineering phase if at all possible. Examples include: removing flammables or combustibles prior to hot work, use material handling equipment rather than have employees lift, lower, & carry materials manually, perform work at ground level and eliminate the need to work at height. - Substitution and engineering strategies include replacing a hazardous substance with a safer one, reducing the hazard (e.g., ventilation), or isolating it from where employees are working (e.g., enclosing a noisy machine). Examples include substituting a non-hazardous chemical for a toxic one, using non-silica abrasive in place of sand for sandblasting. -Engineering control include local Exhaust Ventilation, Enclosure for Noisy Equipment, Guardrails, Isolation with interlocks, machine guarding, welding curtains, workstation modification to minimize ergonomic injury, and other facility/equipment/process modifications -Administrative controls include policies, training, job rotation, signage, or temporary barriers to warn of a hazard or describe safe procedures. Time Limitation (e.g. work rest cycles, job schedule rotation). Examples include written operating procedures, signage and alarms, training, wet methods as opposed to dry sanding or sweeping. -Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety glasses and hardhats place a barrier between the worker and the hazard, but do not prevent the occurrence of the incident. PPE is considered the least effective method of controlling a hazard because it depends on proper selection and fit, employee compliance, and availability. Gloves/Protective Clothing (utilize manufacturer charts & technical selection guides) Respiratory Protection (select based on exposure assessment) Eye/Face Protection (Z87 and Z87+ for high impact) Hearing Protection (utilize NRR calculations with exposure assessment) Fall Protection (Z359) Hard Hats (Z89.1) Bump Caps (require when potential hazard of striking against object is apparent)

Step 2: Assess Risk Immediately dangerous to life & health atmospheres: Gas behavior in spaces Oxygen deficient/enriched Combustible & flammable atmospheres Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Sulfide Hazardous Atmospheres Toxic Safe Explosive TANK IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS to LIFE & HEALTH ATMOSPHERES: Pose immediate threat to life Would cause irreversible and immediate adverse health effects Would interfere with a worker’s ability to escape GAS BEHAVIOR IN CONFINED SPACES: If density of a gas is greater than air, the gas will settle to lower levels If the density of gas is lighter than air, the gas will rise to upper levels Gas can also pocket or be stratified in a space OXYGEN DEFICIENCY: Caused by displacement, bacteria (rot), oxidation (rust), combustion, absorption Hazardous atmospheres are cause for the most accidents in confined spaces.

Step 2: Assess and Control Risk
Symptoms of O2 Deficiency O2 Level Symptoms 19.5% Minimum permissible level % Possible impaired coordination % Respiratory/pulse increase, impaired coordination % Further increase in respiration/pulse 8 - 10% Fainting, nausea, vomiting, blue lips 6 - 8% 4-5 minutes = Recovery with treatment 6 minutes = 50% chance of mortality 8 minutes = 100% chance of mortality 0 - 6% Coma in less than 40 seconds Never ventilate a space with oxygen because oxygen levels higher than 23.5% increase the flammability of gases and other materials.

Step 2: Assess Risk Combustible & Flammable Atmospheres
Combustible & Flammable Atmospheres are created when there is sufficient oxygen, fuel, and an ignition source Oxidizing Agent Oxygen Bleach, pool chemicals Halogens, nitric acid Inorganic peroxides Heat Open flames, pilot lights Electrical sources Engines, motors Frictions, compression Fuel Flammable liquids Plastics, foam Wood, paper Oil, grease Gases include Hydrogen, Methane, and evaporated flammable liquids Particulates include Dusts and Mists A fuel only burns if mixed with the right proportion of oxygen (too much air = too lean; too much fuel = too rich) The air monitor measures how far below the lower explosive limit (LEL) the atmosphere, not % of flammable vapors present (when at 100%, the atmosphere is at the LEL)

Step 2: Assess Risk Carbon Monoxide 25
Colorless and odorless Product of incomplete combustion PPM of CO Symptoms Exposure Time 25 Permissible exposure limit (new ACGIH TLV) 8 hours 200 Slight headache 3 hours Headache, discomfort, irritation 1-2 hours Confusion, headache, nausea, staggering, heart palpitations ½ - 2 hours 2000+ Unconsciousness Minutes Component of engine exhaust Flammable with a LEL of 12.5% Inhibits the blood’s ability to transport oxygen Slightly lighter than air – mount detectors appropriately

Step 2: Assess Risk Hydrogen Sulfide 10
By-product of decomposition Diminishes ability to smell PPM of H2S Symptoms Exposure Time 5 Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)* 15 minutes 10 Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 8 hours 50 – 100 Mild eye and respiratory irritation 1 hour 200 – 300 Marked eye and respiratory irritation 500 – 700 Unconsciousness, death ½ - 1 hour 1000+ Minutes Irritates mucous membranes Flammable with LEL of 4% Heavier than air and associated with rotten egg smell * STEL per new ACGIH guidelines

Step 2: Assess Risk Hazardous Energies
Includes electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, pressurized or stored, suspended or other sources of energy. Hazardous Energy Barricading Lockout/Tagout Machine guarding Double block and bleed Disconnecting / securing parts Testing to ensure zero energy state Hierarchy of Controls

Step 2: Assess Risk Heat Stress
Heat-related illnesses are preventable. Learn the symptoms and what to do if you or an employee shows signs of having a heat-related illness. WHAT TO LOOK FOR WHAT TO DO Heat Stroke Confusion Fainting Seizures Excessive sweating or red, hot, dry skin Very high body temperature Call 911. While waiting for help: Place worker in shady, cool area Loosen clothing, remove outer clothing Fan air on worker; cold packs in armpits Wet worker with cool water; apply ice packs, cool compresses Provide fluids (preferably water) as soon as possible Stay with worker until help arrives Heat Exhaustion Cool, moist skin Heavy sweating Headache, dizziness or light headedness Nausea or vomiting Weakness / Irritability Thirst Fast heart beat Have worker sit or lie down in a cool, shady area Give worker plenty of water or other cool beverages to drink Cool worker with cold compresses/ice packs Take to clinic or emergency room for medical evaluation or treatment if signs or symptoms worsen or do not improve within 60 minutes. Heat Cramps Muscle spasms Pain Usually in abdomen, arms, or legs Have worker rest in shady, cool area Worker should drink water or other cool beverages Wait a few hours before allowing worker to return to strenuous work Have worker seek medical attention if cramps don't go away Heat Rash Clusters of red bumps on skin Often appears on neck, upper chest, folds of skin Try to work in a cooler, less humid environment when possible Keep the affected area dry Heat Stroke is the most serious heat related disorder and occurs when the body's temperature regulation fails and body temperature rises to critical levels. The condition is caused by a combination of highly variable factors, and its occurrence is difficult to predict. Heat stroke is a medical emergency that may result in death. The primary signs and symptoms of heat stroke are confusion; irrational behavior; loss of consciousness; convulsions; a lack of sweating (usually); hot, dry skin; and an abnormally high body temperature, e.g., a rectal temperature of 41°C (105.8°F). The elevated metabolic temperatures caused by a combination of work load and environmental heat, both of which contribute to heat stroke, are also highly variable and difficult to predict. If a worker shows signs of possible heat stroke, professional medical treatment should be obtained immediately. The worker should be placed in a shady, cool area and the outer clothing should be removed. The worker's skin should be wetted and air movement around the worker should be increased to improve evaporative cooling until professional methods of cooling are initiated and the seriousness of the condition can be assessed. Fluids should be replaced as soon as possible. The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim's physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid treatment. Regardless of the worker's protests, no employee suspected of being ill from heat stroke should be sent home or left unattended unless a physician has specifically approved such an order. Heat Exhaustion signs and symptoms are headache, nausea, vertigo, weakness, thirst, and giddiness. Fortunately, this condition responds readily to prompt treatment. Heat exhaustion should not be dismissed lightly. Fainting or heat collapse which is often associated with heat exhaustion. In heat collapse, the brain does not receive enough oxygen because blood pools in the extremities. As a result, the exposed individual may lose consciousness. This reaction is similar to that of heat exhaustion and does not affect the body's heat balance. However, the onset of heat collapse is rapid and unpredictable and can be dangerous especially if workers are operating machinery or controlling an operation that should not be left unattended; moreover, the victim may be injured when he or she faints. Also, the signs and symptoms seen in heat exhaustion are similar to those of heat stroke, a medical emergency. Workers suffering from heat exhaustion should be removed from the hot environment and given fluid replacement. They should also be encouraged to get adequate rest and when possible ice packs should be applied. Heat Cramps are usually caused by performing hard physical labor in a hot environment. These cramps have been attributed to an electrolyte imbalance caused by sweating. Cramps appear to be caused by the lack of water replenishment. Because sweat is a hypotonic solution (±0.3% NaCl), excess salt can build up in the body if the water lost through sweating is not replaced. Thirst cannot be relied on as a guide to the need for water; instead, water must be taken every 15 to 20 minutes in hot environments. Under extreme conditions, such as working for 6 to 8 hours in heavy protective gear, a loss of sodium may occur. Recent studies have shown that drinking commercially available carbohydrate-electrolyte replacement liquids is effective in minimizing physiological disturbances during recovery. Heat Rashes are the most common problem in hot work environments where the skin is persistently wetted by unevaporated sweat. Prickly heat is manifested as red papules and usually appears in areas where the clothing is restrictive. As sweating increases, these papules give rise to a prickling sensation. Heat rash papules may become infected if they are not treated. In most cases, heat rashes will disappear when the affected individual returns to a cool environment. Heat Fatigue is often caused by a lack of acclimatization. A program of acclimatization and training for work in hot environments is advisable. The signs and symptoms of heat fatigue include impaired performance of skilled manual, mental, or vigilance jobs. There is no treatment for heat fatigue except to remove the heat stress before a more serious heat-related condition develops. Data gathered from OHSA. Link:

Step 2: Assess Risk Noise Hazards Length of exposure
Force of sound waves Pitch of sound Hazards depend on Duration PEL 8 hours 90 dB 6 hours 92 dB 4 hours 95 dB 3 hours 97 dB 2 hours 100 dB 1.5 hours 102 dB 1 hour 105 dB 30 mins 110 dB 15 mins 115 dB Other hazards may be present depending on the work site. Discuss examples. When employees are subjected to sound exceeding those listed in the table, feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls fail to reduce the sound levels, PPE shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table.

Step 3: Roles and Responsibilities
Competent Person & Entry Supervisor Evaluate worksite and identify confined spaces Assess risks prior to entry and define work plan Coordinate entry activities Ensure risks are controlled in compliance with AECOM Confined Spaces procedure S3AM-301-PR1 MUST be trained in confined space entry Responsibilities Refer to AECOM policy S3AM-301-PR1 for more information on roles and responsibilities.

Rescue Services Prepare adequate personnel and equipment for response Conduct regular, documented drills at least annually Define rescue procedures, location of space, and hazards Shall be immediately outside of the space for IDLH conditions Trained in confined space entry, rescue procedures, First Aid, and CPR Responsibilities

Attendant Know hazards of the space and signs of exposure Position near the entrance Ensure permit is complete before entry Maintain communication with entrants Alert if hazards arise and order evacuation Trained in confined space entry When can you leave your post? Responsibilities Attendants may not leave their post unless all personnel are removed from the confined space or another qualified attendant is present as a replacement.

Entrant Know signs of exposure Safely use all equipment Maintain communication with attendant Alert if hazards arise Evacuate if ordered, an alarm sounds, or a hazard arises Trained in confined space entry When do you become an entrant? Responsibilities No one may enter a confined space without having proper training including communication and emergency rescue procedures; modification of normal work practices and knowledge of hazardous exposure warning signs.

Step 4: Develop Pre-Entry Plan
Hazards and controls Applicable procedures (welding, LO/TO, etc.) Equipment (communications, air monitoring, ventilation, lighting, rescue, PPE, barricades, etc.) Entrants, attendants, and associated training Provide for tailgate briefing and THA Define and Document

Step 4: Develop Pre-Entry Plan
Rescue Planning Adequate personnel and equipment for response Lifting devices and retrieval equipment Procedure for rescue Location of equipment and responders IDLH condition requires rescuer in immediate vicinity Define and Document

Step 5: Complete Permit Authorizes workers to enter space
Includes hazards and controls Must be posted at entrance Use AECOM permit unless customer has required permit Confined Space Permit

Training requirements
Permit-required Confined Spaces The employer shall provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated by this section acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe performance of the duties assigned under this section. (g)(1) Training shall be provided to each affected employee: (i) Before the employee is first assigned duties under this section; (ii) Before there is a change in assigned duties; (iii) Whenever there is a change in permit space operations that presents a hazard about which an employee has not previously been trained; (iv) Whenever the employer has reason to believe either that there are deviations from the permit space entry procedures required by paragraph (d)(3) of this section or that there are inadequacies in the employees knowledge or use of these procedures. (g)(2) And of course, all training must be documented. Link to OSHA Standard

Entering Permit Space Safely
Steps after completing paperwork Tailgate briefing and THA Assess air quality – check oxygen level first Set up barricades and retrieval equipment Set up ventilation (if needed) Enter the space Rescue (if needed) Note: Permits are cancelled after the procedure is completed but must be kept on file for 1 year. If reviewed by OSHA within the 1 year period, they may be discarded.

Step 1: Tailgate Briefing and THA
Conducting a THA is the best way to avoid incidents and is required to be completed prior to engaging in any task that has hazards associated with it. Task Hazard Assessment (THA) Conduct prior to commencement of job Draw attention to hazards, processes, equipment, tools, environment and materials to inform employees of the risks in their surroundings. Tailgate Briefing

Step 2: Assess Air Quality
Ensure test equipment calibration is current. If possible, initial air sampling should be done before opening the space – WHY? Test the air at multiple levels using an extension hose Lowest level of space Breathing zone Above breathing zone Below ceiling Assess Air Quality Why? – most explosions and fires occur at the point and time of entry

Step 2: Assess Air Quality
Essential for most permit spaces Calibrate and zero Make sure alarms work and can be heard in the space Test ALL levels Bump test demonstration Atmospheric Monitors Calibration means exposing the monitor to a sample of air with known gas levels. Zeroing means exposing the monitor to air that has none of the gas being monitored. Monitors must always be calibrated per manufacturers recommendations. Bump tests ensure batteries and sensors are working and responding to a set amount of gas and that your visual and audible alarms are going off as they should. You can hear and see them triggering and verify that everything is basically in operating order. Review video.

Step 3: Set up Barricades and Equipment
Testing and monitoring equipment Barriers and shields Communications equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) Approved lighting equipment Rescue and emergency equipment Equipment set up Requirements Mechanical means of raising or lowering entrants is required at 5 feet.

Step 4: Set up Ventilation
Place blower so minimal bends are needed Hang vertically more than one foot below ceiling and two feet above floor Keep intake away from traffic (at least 5 feet) Consider air monitoring results when placing ventilator Using a Ventilator

Blowing Air Pulling Air
Step 5: Set up Ventilation Blowing Air Blowing air into space creates turbulence and disperses gas layers Pulling Air Pulling air from space creates little turbulence and gas layers may persist Creating turbulence

Step 4: Set up ventilation
WIND WIND Purging vs. blowing Be sure to retest air before entry One opening Lighter than air gases One opening Heavier than air gases

Step 5: Enter the space Maintain awareness for changing conditions. Test, maintain, and continuously monitor air quality. Keep communication regular between entrant and attendant Follow your plan and permit Continue to monitor air Evacuate space if conditions change, in case of alarm, or if evacuated by attendant or supervisor Requirements

Step 6: Rescue (if needed)
Contact the rescue team Attempt self rescue Attempt remote retrieval Who can order an evacuation? In an Emergency Who? – Entrants, Attendant, Entry supervisor

Step 6: Rescue (if needed)
Oxygen below 19.5% or above 23.5 % Combustibles above LEL Toxin levels at or near safe limits Outside conditions pose hazard Alarm sounds, prohibited condition exits, or entrant exhibits signs of exposure Attendant must leave post Evacuate when Attendant shall standby to tell emergency workers: number, location, identity, condition of entrants, cause of emergency, and conditions of permit space.

Final Recap You and your team have been tasked to perform work that requires entering a confined space. You know the space is a permit-required confined space because it is labeled as such and is on your Confined Space Identification Log. What do you do next? Exercise Use Confined Space Exercise – have participants organize the steps in sequence of how to plan for, set up, and execute the work.

Quiz Quiz may be included by instructor.

Question 1 Which of the following is both a work-created hazard and design hazard in a confined space? Engulfing materials Hazardous atmospheres Noise Hazardous energies Heat, sparks

When testing for hazardous atmospheres, what should be tested first?
Question 2 When testing for hazardous atmospheres, what should be tested first? Hydrogen sulfide Methane Oxygen Carbon monoxide Flammability

As an attendant, you are allowed to leave your post:
Question 3 As an attendant, you are allowed to leave your post: When a supervisor has given advance permission In an emergency situation If directed by the Competent Person When all personnel are removed from the confined space or another qualified attendant is present as a replacement If directed by the rescue team

Rescue team members must:
Question 4 Rescue team members must: a. Have current First Aid/CPR training certificate b. Meet minimum physical requirements c. Participate in documented, semi-annual drills d. Coordinate all entry activities e. Keep all entry permits on file for 5 years

Which of the following statements is true of atmospheric monitors?
Question 5 Which of the following statements is true of atmospheric monitors? Bump tests must be performed to determine durability before use. They are only required for IDLH conditions. They must be calibrated to manufacturer’s specs. Calibration means exposure to a sample of air with unknown gas levels. Zeroing means exposure to sample of air with 0% oxygen.

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