1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2.  OVARIES  OVIDUCT (UTERINE TUBES)  UTERUS  VAGINA FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

4.  OVARY: it is an almond shaped organ attached to the back of the board ligament mesovarium.  The ovary is surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule called tunica albugina. - thin connective tissue capsule underlying germinal epithelium TUNICA ALBUGINEA CORTEX - surrounds the medulla and contains maturing follicles MEDULLA - central connective tissue containing vascular supply and nervous innervation OVARY

5. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE : at the time of puberty the female being to undergo regular monthly cycle knows as sexual cycle and reproductive cycle,monthly cycle (13 to 14 years)  OVARY CYCLE : the cycle take place in to the ovaries under the influence of gonadotropin hormone is know as ovarian cycle. 3 to 5 million OOGONIA differentiate into PRIMARY OOCYTES during early development OOCYTES becomes surrounded by squamous (follicular) cells to become PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES most PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES undergo atresia leaving 400,000 at birth oocytes at birth arrested at Meiosis I (prophase )

6. Three stages of ovarian follicles can be identified following puberty: (each follicle contains one oocyte ) (1) PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES (2) GROWING FOLLICLES - three recognizable stages : ( a) early primary follicle (b) late primary follicle ( c) secondary (antral) follicle (3) MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLES - follicle reaches maximum size OOGENESIS FOLLICULAR PHASE

7. (1) PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES

8. ( 2) GROWING FOLLICLES EARLY PRIMARY FOLLICLE - follicular cells still unilaminar but now are cuboidal in appearance. - oocyte begins to enlarge LATE PRIMARY FOLLICLE -multilaminar follicular layer; cells now termed granulosa cells. - zona pellucida appears; gel-like substance rich in GAGs. - surrounding stromal cells differentiate into theca interna and theca externa SECONDARY (ANTRAL) FOLLICLE - cavities appear between granulosa cells forming an antrum - follicle continues to grow - formation of cumulus oophorus and corona radiata

9. (3) MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLES

10. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENSIS AND OVULATION HYPOTHALAMUS release of GnRF which stimulates release of LH and FSH from the adenohypophysis (ANTERIOR PITUITARY)

11. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENSIS AND OVULATION FOLLICULAR PHASELUTEAL PHASE OVULATION 10-20 primordial follicles begin to develop in response to FSH and LH levels FSH and LH stimulate theca and granulosa production of estrogen and progesterone surge of LH induces ovulation theca and granulosa cells transform into the corpus luteum and secrete large amounts of progesterone if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates... if fertilization does occur, HCG released from the embryo maintains corpus luteum

12. MENSTRUATION CYCLE The change occurs in the endometrium of the uterus once every lunar month (28days) as a response to the change taking place in the ovary is called menstruation cycle (1) PROLIFERATIVE PHASE ( 5 -13) days concurrent with follicular maturation and influenced by estrogens ( 2) SECRETORY PHASE (14 -28) days concurrent with luteal phase and influenced by progesterone (3) MENSTRUAL PHASE (1-5) days commences as hormone production by corpus lutein declines

13. Descent of ovaries & the fate of Gubernaculum The ovaries are also pulled down from the lumbar region to the Pelvic cavity. They settle down slightly below the level of pelvic brim. Cranial end of Gubernaculum attached b/w the lower pole of ovary & side of uterus becomes the ‘round ligament of ovary’. While, the portion crossing the sides of uterus till the caudal end attached on the Labia majora becomes the ‘round ligament of uterus ’

14. UTERINE TUBE There are two uterine tubes which connect the ovary, with the cavity of uterus. The are divided in to 4 part. INFUNDIBULUM: it is funnel shaped and free edge. AMPULLA: it is widest cured part of the site for fertilization ISTHMUS: it is the narrowest part of the tube. INTRAMURAL TUBE: It pierces the uterine wall &connect uterine tube with the uterus.

15.  UTERUS: it is a hollow pear shaped organ with thick muscular walls.  Further division in the uterus.  FUNDUS : it lies above the entrance of uterine tube.  BODY: it lies below the uterine tube  CERVIX :it is the narrow part of the uterine cavity. UTERUS..

16. WALLS OF THE UTERUS: Perimetrium: it is the outer thin layer Myometrium: it is thick smooth muscle layer. Endometrium: it is inner most layer. Basal layer ( stratum basal ) : it is contains blind end glands, it has its own blood supply and is not sloughed off during menstruation. Functional layer (stratum functionalis) it consists of compact and spongy layer and shed at menstruation and parturition. Compact layer: it is thin & superficial layer and consists of tightly packed stromal cells. Spongy layer: it is thin &composed of edematous stromal which contains dilated tortious bodies of uterine glands.

17. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

18. Degeneration of the medullary sex cords & development of cortex 1.Mesonephric duct (Wolff) 2.Peritoneal cavity 3.Aorta 4.Mesonephric tubule 5.Degenerated gonadal cords 6.Thickened Coelomic epithelium 7.Intestine 8.Mesentery 9.Paramesonephric duct (Müller) 10.Atrophy of mesonephric nephron

19. Formation of the Secondary Cortical cords The surface epithelium continues to proliferate. In the 7 th wk, it gives rise to a second generation of ‘cortical cords’. In the 4 th month of IUL, these cords split into isolated cell clusters, each surrounding one or more primitive germ cells. The primordial germ cells develop into ‘oogonia’. The surrounding surface epithelial cells form the ‘follicular cells’.

20. Development of the Uterus & Fallopian tubes PARAMESONEPHRIC / MULLERIAN DUCTS Fallopian tubes Uterus Fundus Body Cervix Vaginal fornices

21. 1a. Paramesonephric duct (Müller), 2a. Mesonephric duct (Wolff) 3a. Lower gubernaculum, 4a. Utero-vaginal canal, 5a. Urogenital sinus

22. Formation of the Fallopian tubes & Uterus With the descent of ovaries into the pelvic inlet, thefirst two parts of the duct on each side will develop into the Fallopian/Uterine tube. The caudal fused parts will become the Uterine canal. The fused paramesonephric ducts will give rise to the fundus, body, and cervix of the uterus as well as the upper part of the vagina. The surrounding mesenchyme will form the ‘myometrium’ & ‘perimetrium’.

23. 1b. Fallopian tube 2b. Atrophied mesonephric duct 3b. Ovarian ligament 3c. Round ligament of uterus 4b. Uterus 5b. Vagina

24. Congenital malformations of the Uterus Lack of fusion of Paramesonephric ducts in a localized area or throughout the length results in different types of duplication of uterus. Uterus didelphys results from failure of fusion of the inferior parts of paramesonephric ducts. The uterus is entirely double and each one enters a separate vagina. Uterus arcuatus is the least severe form in which there is malfusion in the upper region of the vertical parts of paramesonephric ducts & is represented by a slight indentation in the middle of the fundus of uterus. Uterus bicornis is one of the more common anomalies in which the malfusion involves only the superior part of the paramesonephric ducts resulting in a double-horned uterus entering a single vagina.

25. Anomalies of Uterus

26. Development of the Vagina (during 7th wk of IUL) The solid tip of fused paramesonephric ducts reaches the dilated pelvic part ofUG sinus. This solid part of UG sinus is known as ‘sinovaginal bulb’ or vaginal plate The plate keeps on proliferating (thus increasing the distance b/w the uterus & UG sinus). Four wing-like expansions of the fused paramesonephric duct will encircle the cranial part of the vaginal plate. They will become the ‘vaginal fornices’.

28. Canalization of the Vagina & formation of Hymen The central cells of the vaginal plate break down (by the process of apoptosis) and a canal is formed which is continuous cranially with the uterine canal. But, caudally it is separated from the cavity of the UG sinus by a transverse membrane, the ‘hymen’. At the time of birth (perinatal period), this hymen usually ruptures in the middle & remains as a thin fold of mucous membrane just within the vaginal orifice.

29. Uterine canal & Vagina (at the time of birth) 2.Vaginal vestibule 3a. Uterine cavity 3b. Uterine cervix (neck) 6a. Vagina: The lower fourth out of endoderm 6b. Vagina: The upper 3/4 out of mesoderm 9.Hymen

30. Anomalies of the Vagina Vaginal Atresia: Failure of canalization of the vaginal plate will lead to vaginal atresia. Imperforated hymen: If the middle portion of the hymen fails to get thin down during the last weeks of IUL, there would be failure of rupture of hymen during the time of birth resulting in an imperforate hymen.

31. FORMATION OF FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA The genital tubercle (GT) elongates only slightly and forms the clitoris The urethral folds (UF) do not fuse and develop into Labia minora. The genital swellings enlarge greatly and form the labia majora. The urogenital groove is open to the surface & forms the vestibule of vagina.

32. Function and purpose of the female reproductive system

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