1. The Female Reproductive System Lab # 11

2. The Female Reproductive System Main Reproductive Organs or Gonads Duct System Accessory Glands and Organs External Genitalia Ovaries Uterine or Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Bartolini’s or greater vestibular glands Paraurethral glands Clitoris Labia minora Labia mayora

3. The Female Reproductive System OvaryUterine or Fallopian tube Uterus Vagina Bartolini’s or greater vestibular gland Paraurethral glands Fornix Clitoris

4. Tunica albuginea It is where gametes are produced. Cortex Medulla It is occupied by major arteries and veins. The egg develop in their own fluid-filled follicles Follicle bursting and releasing the egg (ovulation) It attaches the ovary to the pelvic wall and contains ovarian artery, vein and nerves. Suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligament Mature follicle Corpus luteum Corpus albicans The Ovaries (Dense connective tissue) 1- Production of the female gametes or oocytes. 2- Secretion of female sex hormones (estrogens and progestins). 3- Secretion of inhibin (feedback control of pituitary FSH).

5. OOGENESIS SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS Oogonia Diploid Before birth MEIOSIS I After puberty It stops in prophase MEIOSIS I Completed Primary oocyte Haploid Secondary oocyte It stops in metaphase Before ovulation After ovulation MEIOSIS II Completed Haploid Secondary oocyte MEIOSIS II Oogenesis First polar body If fertilization occurs Second polar body

6. Primary oocytes (diploid) in prophase I of MEIOSIS I. FSH triggers the start of the ovarian cycle. MEIOSIS I is completed to form one secondary oocyte (haploid) and the first polar body. Between the third and seventh month of fetal life: Primary oocytes (diploid) begin MEIOSIS I but it is stopped in prophase I. During reproductive life: Every month one secondary oocyte begins MEIOSIS II that is stopped in metaphase II. Ovulation occurs, and if the secondary oocyte is fertilized, MEIOSIS II is completed to form the ovum and the second polar body. At birth: At puberty: Oogonia undergo mitosis and produce primary oocytes (diploid). Primordial follicles Primary follicles Secondary folliclesTertiary folliclesOvulation

7. Oogenesis and Sexual Cycle Reproductive CycleSexual Cycle The events that recur every month when pregnancy does not intervene. It consists of two interrelated cycles controlled by shifting patterns of hormone secretion: The Ovarian Cycle (The events in the ovaries) The Uterine (menstrual) Cycle (The parallel events in the uterus) The sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth. 1- Follicular phase 4- Ovulation 5- Formation of the corpus luteum Proliferative phase Secretory phase Menses 1- Formation of Primary Follicles 2- Formation of Secondary Follicles 3- Formation of Tertiary Follicles 6- Degeneration of the corpus luteum 2- Luteal phase

8. Follicular fluid Oocyte at Ovulation First polar body It is a layer of glycoprotein gel secreted by granulosa cells around the oocyte. It is composed of several layers of granulosa cells. Zona pellucida Corona radiata The Ovarian Cycle1- Follicular Phase Meiosis I completed

9. The Ovarian Cycle2- Luteal Phase Corpus luteum The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which primary function is to prepare the uterus for pregnancy by stimulating the maturation of the endometrium and the secretion of uterine glands. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, and the corpus luteum disintegrates and becomes a pale scar called corpus albicans. It also produces moderated amounts of estrogens. Corpus albicans It marks the end of the ovarian cycle.

10. It is produced by adenohypophysis and stimulates the development of the follicles. It is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the adenohypophysis to release FSH and LH (Gonadotropins). The Ovarian Cycle Ovulation FOLLICULAR PHASELUTEAL PHASE 1- Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the adenohypophysis to produce gonadotropins: FSH and LH 2- FSH triggers each month the development of one primordial follicle into primary follicles. 3- At about day 14, a massive release of LH is produced and ovulation is triggered. 4- The high level of LH that triggers ovulation also promotes the formation of corpus luteum and progesterone secretion. SecondaryTertiary Primordial Primary 1- Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH): 2- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): 3- Luteinizing hormone (LH): It is produced by adenohypophysis and stimulates ovulation. It is produced by the corpus luteum and prepares the uterus for pregnancy.4- Progesterone:

11. Proliferative phase: Menses: Functional zone Basilar zone When enough menstrual fluid accumulates in the uterus, it begins to be discharged by the vagina (menstruation). It is the beginning of the uterine cycle. The functional zone of the endometrium degenerates. Pools of blood accumulate in stratum functionalis and necrotic endometrium mixes with blood and serous fluid and forms the menstrual fluid. At the end of the menstruation, the endometrium consists only of the basilar zone. Estrogen stimulates mitosis in the basilar zone and the prolific regrowth of blood vessels regenerating the functional zone. By day 14 is 2 to 3 mm thick. As new cohort of follicles develop in the ovaries, they secrete more and more estrogen. The endometrium thickens still more in response to progesterone from corpus luteum. Progesterone stimulates endometrial glands to secrete glycogen. Glands grow wider, longer and more coiled. By the end of this phase, the endometrium is 5 to 6 mm thick- a soft, wet, nutritious bed available for embryonic development. The Uterine Cycle Secretory phase:

14. Uterus OvaryOvary Ovarian ligament Mesovarium It attaches the ovary to the uterus. It attaches the ovary to the pelvic wall and contains ovarian artery, vein and nerves. Broad ligament Broad ligament: Mesovarium It attaches the ovary to the broad ligament. It is a sheet of peritoneum that flanks the uterus and holds the uterine tube in its superior margin. Suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligament 6- Uterine Tubes and Uterus

15. Uterus Ovary Ovary Uterine or Fallopian tubes They receive and transport the secondary oocytes and the fertilized ova to the uterus Infundibulum Fimbriae Ampulla Isthmus

16. The Uterus 1- Receives, protects, and nourishes the fertilized egg 2- It is the site of the menstruation, development of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy; and of labor 3- It is a passageway for the sperm Body Cervix Fundus Isthmus Cervical canalExternal os Internal os Perimetrium Myometrium EndometriumVagina

17. Bladder Rectum Vagina Urethra 7- Vagina and Vulva 1- Passageway for the baby, menstrual flow, and sperm 2- It is the female copulatory organ Vaginal orifice

18. The External Genitalia Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Glans or clitoris Prepuce Urethral opening Vaginal entrance Hymen (torn) Perineum

21. Ovary Uterine or Fallopian tube (ampulla) Infundibulum Fimbriae IsthmusUterusPerimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Cervical canal Cervix Vagina Vaginal orifice Fornix Clitoris Mons pubis Labia minora Labia majora Urinary bladder Urethra

22. 8- Mammary Glands They produce milk to nourish the baby Areola Nipple Lobules Lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus Suspensory ligament Pectoralis major Pectoral fat pad