1. Allusions and Analogies
Definition, Explanation, and Examples

2. Is a reference within a work to something famous outside it, such as:
Allusions
Is a reference within a work to something famous outside it, such as:
a well-known person,
place,
event,
story,
or work of art, literature, music, pop culture.

3. Why?
It lets the reader/viewer understand new information, characters, plot, setting, etc. by connecting it to something already known.

4. Not to be confused with “ILLUSIONS”
Allusion “Problems”
Not to be confused with “ILLUSIONS”
In order to understand allusions, one must have a good grasp on “well-known” works of literature, art, music, pop culture, etc.
So, if one is not well-read, it will be difficult to fully grasp why an author/writer/director uses an allusion. This sometimes makes them difficult for high school students to grasp.

5. Allusion “Problems”
Allusions are only a small group of people kNOT references to someone/somethingnow.
So, you wouldn’t say, “Sally’s smile looked like my mom’s smile.”
While this is a method of comparison, it is not to something well-known (outside of your community). =

6. Purpose of Allusions
Whenever you come across an allusion, stop and ask yourself:
What does the writer want me to understand about this character, setting, plot, etc. by connecting it to something with which I am already familiar?
What is the author’s purpose in using this allusion?
To create the same feeling/mood as the original work?
For comedic effect?
To show character’s motives or traits?

7. Allusion Examples
Sally had a smile resembled only by that of the Mona Lisa.
Since everyone is familiar with the painting, they can imagine Sally’s almost expressionless smile.
What does this show about Sally?

8. Allusion Example (Art to Film)
The makers of the Scream movie ALLUDED TO Munch’s work of art “The Scream” in order to instill fear.

9. Allusions Example (Film to Film)
KARATE KID
DISNEY’S HERCULES
Hercules ALLUDES TO Karate Kid when Hercules is training. Disney uses this allusion so the viewer thinks of Karate Kid and how, after training in the sunlight, Daniel wins the big match. The allusion is used to FORESHADOW that Hercules will also be successful in his big fight.

10. Mythology Allusions
Achilles’ Heel
Original Tale-When Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die in battle from an arrow. Naturally, his mother Thetis did not want her son to die. So she took Achilles to a magical river which was supposed to offer powers of invincibility and dipped his body into the water. But as Thetis had held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles. But one day, an arrow shot at him was lodged in his heel, killing him instantly. Yet Achilles is remembered as one of the greatest fighters who ever lived.
When someone wants to discuss one’s weak point, s/he will refer to it as his/her “Achilles’ Heel,” meaning that they are strong in all areas except for that one tiny spot.

11. Advertising uses allusions, too!
Mythology Allusions
Advertising uses allusions, too!
Venus alludes to the mythological Roman goddess principally associated with love, beauty, and fertility.

12. Analogies test your ability to:
Recognize the relationship between the words in a word pair
Recognize when two word pairs display equal relationships

13. To complete an analogy you must be able to:
Select the answer containing words related to one another in most nearly the same way

14. Analogy types: Synonyms/antonyms Part to Whole or Whole to Part
Function/Use, Worker/Tool, Doer/Action
Category/Type
Degree (size or intensity)
Grammatical Relationship or Spelling
Cause to effect (or effect to cause)
Object to function

15. Analogies look like this:
Up: Down ::Over: Under
Analogies sound like this:
Up is to Down as Over is to Under

16. Infant: Baby::Grown-Up: ______?
Synonyms:
Infant: Baby::Grown-Up: ______?
Infant: Baby::Grown-Up: Adult
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

17. Big: Small::Full:_______?
Antonyms:
Big: Small::Full:_______?
Big: Small::Full: Empty
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

18. Part to Whole: Wheel: Car::Branch:_______? Wheel: Car::Branch: Tree
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

19. Function/Use (Object/ Function):
Truck: Transport::Oven:______?
Truck: Transport::Oven: bake
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

20. Category/Type: Apple: Fruit::Carrot:_______?
Apple: Fruit::Carrot: Vegetable
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

21. Degree (size/intensity):
Warm: Hot::Cool:______?
Warm: Hot::Cool: Frigid
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

22. Cause-Effect: Sliver: Pain::Heat:__________ Sliver: Pain::Heat: Boil
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

23. Sequence: Early: late :: dawn : _________
Early : late :: dawn : twilight

24. Can you identify the relationship?
Synonyms or antonyms
Part to whole
Category/Type
Cause-effect (or effect to cause)
Degree (size or intensity)
Function/Use (Object/function)
PLATOON:SOLDIER
HOT:SCALDING
STARVATION:BINGING
GILLS:BREATHING
PERSUASIVE:CONVINCING
SOCCER:SPORT
Let’s practice recognizing relationships.
Part to whole - the second word (solider) is part of the first word (platoon)
Varying degree - the first word (hot) is the extreme of the second word (scalding)
Antonym
Object to function - gills are used to breathe
Synonym -someone who is persuasive is also convincing
Member to category- soccer is a type of sport

25. Can you identify the relationship?b
PLATOON:SOLDIER
HOT:SCALDING
STARVATION:BINGING
GILLS:BREATHING
PERSUASIVE:CONVINCING
SOCCER:SPORT
Synonyms or antonyms
Part to whole
Category/Type
Cause-effect (or effect to cause)
Degree (size or intensity)
Function/Use (Object/function) e a f a
Let’s practice recognizing relationships.
Part to whole - the second word (solider) is part of the first word (platoon)
Varying degree - the first word (hot) is the extreme of the second word (scalding)
Antonym
Object to function - gills are used to breathe
Synonym -someone who is persuasive is also convincing
Member to category- soccer is a type of sport c

26. Helpful Hints:
Determine relationship between the words in the given pair
antonyms? synonyms? sequence? degree?
cause-effect? function? category?

27. Helpful Hints:
2. Choose the answer that has a similar relationship and can be expressed in a similar manner

28. Example APPLE : FRUIT :: Salad : Mix Orange: Banana Juice : Can
Slice : Core
Butterfly: Insect
Make a sentence that shows the relationship between apple and fruit. How about “An apple is a type of fruit.”
Test that sentence by going through all five answers choices, replacing apple & fruit with the different pairs of words.
Only one pair fits the sentence. Answer E: A butterfly s a type of insect.

29. Butterfly: Insect Example APPLE : FRUIT :: Salad : Mix Orange: Banana
Juice : Can
Slice : Core
Butterfly: Insect
Make a sentence that shows the relationship between apple and fruit. How about “An apple is a type of fruit.”
Test that sentence by going through all five answers choices, replacing apple & fruit with the different pairs of words.
Only one pair fits the sentence. Answer E: A carrot is a type of vegetable.

30. Example PEN : WRITE :: Pencil : Sharpen Ink : Blue Letter : Compose
Knife : Cut
Mistake : Erase
Too specific sentence - I once had a pen that my dog chewed but it still wrote in different colors. - sentence is too long, too specific.
Too general: A pen is a thing and to write is an action. Sentence is too vague. It describes each word individually and not the relationship of the words. Lots of very different pairs of words could fit from this sentence.

31. Knife : Cut Example PEN : WRITE :: Pencil : Sharpen Ink : Blue
Letter : Compose
Knife : Cut
Mistake : Erase
Too specific sentence - I once had a pen that my dog chewed but it still wrote in different colors. - sentence is too long, too specific.
Too general: A pen is a thing and to write is an action. Sentence is too vague. It describes each word individually and not the relationship of the words. Lots of very different pairs of words could fit from this sentence.

32. Helpful Hints Part II: Pay attention to Remember –
the order of the words in the pair
the parts of speech
Remember –
single word can have different meanings
read all possible answers before deciding on the best answer

33. Practice
Large : Big:: A. Remember : Forget B. Triumph: Success C. Nostril : Smell D. Audio : Hear E. Glasses : See

34. B. Triumph: Success Practice Large : Big:: A. Remember : Forget
C. Nostril : Smell
D. Audio : Hear
E. Glasses : See

35. Practice
Bat : Hitter A. Score: Win B. Walk : Run C. Mars : Venus D. Stick : Hockey Player E. Basketball: Hoop

36. D. Stick : Hockey Player Bat : Hitter A. Score: Win B. Walk : Run
Practice
Bat : Hitter
A. Score: Win
B. Walk : Run
C. Mars : Venus
D. Stick : Hockey Player
E. Basketball: Hoop

37. Practice
Come : Came:: A. Walk : Walking B. Ride : Rode C. Left : Arrived D. Did : Had Done E. See : Seen

38. B. Ride : Rode Come : Came:: A. Walk : Walking C. Left : Arrived
Practice
Come : Came::
A. Walk : Walking
B. Ride : Rode
C. Left : Arrived
D. Did : Had Done
E. See : Seen