1. Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)
Joseph S. Broz, Ph. D.
Executive Director and Governing Board Chairman, QED-C
Vice President, Strategy and Applied Sciences Department Head
SRI International
QED-C DISTRIBUTION

2. Significant Government Actions-
NSF “Big Ideas” included Quantum Leap (2016)
Govt-wide research spending ~$200M-$250/yr
2019 Solicitations by NSF, DOE, DARPA et al.
National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science released (Sept 2018)
National Quantum Initiative Act signed
(Dec 2018)
National Quantum Coordination Office
(Mar 2019)

3. NQI Act* Establishes a Multi-agency Program
Support research, development, demonstration and application of QIS&T
Grow researchers, educators, and students (= “Quantum workers”)
Improve QIS&T interagency planning and coordination (interagency group, coordination office, strategic plans, annual budget reports)
Facilitate collaboration among government agencies,
national labs, industry and universities
Promote development of standards for QIS&T
Establish an outside advisory committee
NSF and DOE to fund research centers
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)
established: partnership with NIST and industry
(Oct 2018)
*S6227

4. The Birth and Development of an Industry
INFRASTRUCTURE
Wafer processing
Wet cleans
Cleaning by solvents
Piranha solution
RCA clean
Photolithography
Ion implantation
Dry etching
Wet etching
Plasma ashing
Thermal treatments
Rapid thermal anneal
Furnace anneals
Thermal oxidation
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
Physical vapor deposition (PVD)
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
Electrochemical deposition (ECD)
Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP)
Wafer testing
Wafer backgrinding
Die preparation
Wafer mounting
Die cutting
IC packaging
Die attachment
IC bonding
Wire bonding
Thermosonic bonding
Flip chip
Wafer bonding
Tape Automated Bonding (TAB)
IC encapsulation
Baking
Plating
Lasermarking
Trim and form
IC testing
Supply Chain of Enabling Technologies
First Transistor, 1947
William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain
2018, IC (12”, < 10 nm)
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

5. Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)
…. Will accelerate the Quantum Industry by fostering a robust Supply Chain and Infrastructure (including workforce and standards).
Definition of a Consortium: an agreement, combination, or group of companies formed to undertake an enterprise beyond the resources of any one member
SRI has been contracted to establish a Quantum Economic Development Consortium for the emerging Quantum Industry
The “QED-C”
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

6. QED-C LOI Signatories Amazon AO Sense APS ARM AT&T Atom Computing
BAE Systems
Boeing
Boston Consulting Group
Bra-Ket
Caltech/INQNET
Citi
ColdQuanta
Corning
Colorado School of Mines
D-Wave
Entanglement Institute
EZ Form Cable Corp.
Fieldline
FLIR
GE Global Research
General Dynamics Mission Systems
GMU
Google
Harris
Honeywell
HPD
Hyperion Research
IBM
Intel
IonQ
IQT
Janis Research
Keysight
KLA-Tencor
KMLabs
Lake Shore Cryotronics
Microchip/Microsemi
Montana Instruments
NuCrypt
Photodigm
Photon Spot
Psi Quantum
QC Ware
QPRI
Qrypt
Quantum Circuits
Quantum Xchange
Qubitekk
Raytheon-BBN
Rigetti
Riverside Research
Rydberg Technologies
SEMI
SkyWater Technology Foundry
Stable Laser Systems
Strangeworks
SRI International
Toptica
UMD
Vescent Photonics
Zapata Computing
Zyvex Labs
US Government: NIST and DOE
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

7. The Purpose of the QED-C is:
To identify gaps and support enabling technology R&D to enhance the quantum “ecosystem”: e.g., quantum device components, instrumentation, performance and manufacturing standards, and workforce
To facilitate industry coordination, interaction and funding with Government agencies
To provide the Government with a collective industry voice in guiding R&D investment priorities, use cases, and quantum workforce issues
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

8. Quantum Enabling Device Development Continuum
De-risked components
Robust infrastructure
Common standards
Testbeds
MATURE
INDUSTRY
QED-C Quantum Consortium Activities
Competitive R&D
And Industry
Activities:
Production Equipment Fabrication & Sales
COTS Device Manufacturing & Sales
Full Quantum Systems
Deploy Quantum Systems at Utility Scale
Basic
R&D
Application
Device
Prototypes
Enabling
Component
Development 1 2 3 4 5
Prototype
Components
and Subsystems
STAGE &
TRL:
Understanding
Physical
Phenomena
Exploiting &
Controlling
Phenomena
Create First
of a Kind
Devices
Create Key Sub-
Components &
Devices/ T&E/
Performance Stds.
Develop Efficient
Common Purpose-
Driven Device
Designs/ T&E/ Stds.
ACTIVITY:
Public/Private Support:
Funding & Collaboration
Introduce New
Common Enabling Devices
Performance Standards
EFFICIENCIES:
Create Device
Production Equipment
Standards
COTS Device &
Systems Performance
Standards
ENGAGED
DISCIPLINES:
AMO Physics / Scientific Theory / R&D / Materials
T&E / Engineering Design & Development
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)
SRI International

9. The Objectives of the QED-C
Identify Gaps and the technology solutions for filling gaps in enabling technology and infrastructure;
Determine workforce needs essential to the development of quantum technologies;
Highlight use cases and grand challenges to accelerate development efforts;
Foster sharing of intellectual property, efficient supply chains, technology forecasting and quantum literacy;
Provide efficient public-private sector coordination; and
Support standards development of the emerging quantum industry
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

10. QED-C Membership
The QED-C is primarily “Tier 1 Members of U.S. Industry” (voting members at all sizes and stages) to support U.S. economic growth:
Includes Members that would self-identify as “members of the quantum industry community”, or “participating in the emerging quantum industry”
Also includes equipment suppliers, instrumentation OEM’s, materials companies, service providers, end-users, etc.
QED-C will also engage “Tier 2 Members” (non-voting members):
International Companies and Partnerships (non-US majority-owned)
Academic Community (Non-voting for US as Tier 1 Academic, and non-US- Tier 2 Academic)
Standards Development Organizations
Professional Societies
Investment Community
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

11. QED-C Deliverables Years 1 & 2:
Gap Identification and Needed Enabling Technology and Infrastructure
Needs Assessments for Instruments and Tools
Workforce Requirements Analysis and Actions
Input to USG for R&D Programs
Year 2+:
Cost-Shared Funding of Enabling Technology R&D Programs in the Consortium
Potential Out-Year Activities:
Facilitate Quantum Standards and Metrics
Use Cases and Studies of Q-Advantage
Q-Community Representation
Scientific and Market Forecasts
TIME
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

12. Phased QED-C Organizational Structure
Governs QED-C and Develops Operating Principles
Composition: 3 Large Industry/4 Small Industry/2 Federal
Includes Non-Voting Advisory Board Members
Governs R&D Allocations and Ratifies RFP’s
Governing
Board (GB)
All CNS Domains
Identifies Technical Gaps
Defines Enabling Technologies
Establishes R&D Themes
Issues and Evaluates RFP’s and Proposals (Rules/OCI)
Monitors R&D Progress
2018
Executive
Director
Executive Management of QED-C
Vision and Strategy
Membership Recruitment
Liaison and Advocacy
TIME
Technical Advisory
Council (TAC)
Assists in Managing TAC and Provides ED Support
Assist and support ED in all areas of planning, management, oversight, outreach, etc.
Develop and support innovative initiatives, e.g. in technology, workforce, and R&D
Develop/manage processes for financial tracking and financial and other required reporting
Associate Director
Multiple Sub-Committees
2021
Director of
Science &Technology
Director of Commercialization
Director of Communications
Responsible for Technical Direction
Chairs Technical Council
Supervises R&D Programs
Drives Technology Advancement & Success
Responsible for Tech Transition and Licensing
Responsible for all IP & Manages Licensing
New Partnerships
Links to VC Community
Responsible for both External and Internal Communications
Leads Studies and Outreach Programs
External Comms and Press
Consortium Events and Briefings
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

13. QED-C Governing Board (Elected October 29, 2018 to a 2-Year term)
Ratified
Joe Broz, SRI QED-C Chairman and Executive Director
Jay Lowell, Boeing
Dana Anderson, Cold Quanta
Steve Binkley, DOE
Eric Ostby, Google
Mark Ritter, IBM
Carl Williams, NIST
Matt Johnson, QCWare
Open Seat (formerly Rigetti)
Christopher Savoie, Zapata Computing
Celia Merzbacher, Associate Director
Initial Board Composition (3-4-2)
Large Industrial members at highest dues levels (3)
Representatives of medium and small-size companies (4)
Federal Partners (2) + USG Observers
Non-voting USG, state or regional economic development representatives
Others as approved by GB
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

14. QED-C Technical Advisory Council Sub-Committees
Workforce – Leader: Jason Turner, Entanglement Institute. Quantum workforce shortfall, data, solutions, USG R&D impact, Assess Resources Required
Enabling Technologies – Leader: Thomas Ohki, Raytheon BBN. Identify gaps, Categorize, Prioritize, Identify needed R&D, Supply Chain, Assess Required Resources
Quantum Use Cases – Leader: Jim Gable, Bra-Ket Sciences. Define the “Killer Quantum Apps”, Markets, Timeline, Roadblocks, CONOPS, CSWaP, R&D Required
Standards and Performance Metrics – Leader: Tom Lubinski, Quantum Circuits, Inc. Types of Stds. and KPI’s, Organization(s) and Structures
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

16. Consortium Development 3-Year Timeline (DRAFT)
2019:
Complete formation documents (IP, Membership, Dues, etc.); All LOI’s converted to formal Participation Agreements; Grow Membership to 50+ entities
Initial TAC Deliverables on Workforce and Infrastructure Gaps, Identify Major Enabling Technology Gaps, Primary Use Cases, and Survey the Quantum Standards Landscape
2020:
Establish Consortium R&D Strategy (by USG and Industry) for closing identified Gaps
Complete initial Enabling Technologies, Workforce, Use Case, and Standards Landscape
Set-up system for Enabling Technology R&D Funding and Evaluation; Prepare and Issue initial R&D RFP’s
2021:
First Proposal Award(s) and First Technology Transition and Consortium License(s) Issued
SDO Implementation of Initial Quantum Performance and Quantum Manufacturing Equipment (QME) Industry Standards
Expand Enabling Technology Funding and TAC Subcommittee Scope; Add TAC SC’s

17. Why Industry Should Support Standards?
Standards Allow transparent Intra-Device Comparison:
Q2Q: Defines Development Pathways
Q2C: Quantifies Quantum Advantage and ROI
Enables credible measures of Progress and Advancement/ Manages the “hype” surrounding quantum technologies
Supports Supply Chain Development by Reducing Investment Risk in Emerging Enabling Technologies
Creates a level playing field for Solution Vendors, and Establishes a Global Market among Standards Participants
Well-crafted Standards accelerate Transition, Growth, and Industry Development; Allows companies to efficiently Innovate and take Products to Market

18. Consortium and IP Owner Rights
USG License: Grant to the USG a non-exclusive, nontransferable, paid-up, worldwide perpetual license to use the Consortium IP for any Government purpose
Evaluation License: Grant to each QED-C Member a non-exclusive, royalty-free, non- transferable license for the duration of Member’s membership to use the Consortium IP (without the right to sublicense) for the limited purposes of further evaluation and R&D
Commercial License: On request, grant to any QED-C Member a non-exclusive, transferable worldwide license (with the right to sublicense) on commercially reasonable, nondiscriminatory (“RAND”) terms
Third-Party Licenses: On terms negotiated by the Development Partner
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)

19. Conclusions
The QED-C is off to a fast-start, with 63 members (large and small)
Membership includes majority of the US Quantum Industry and significant Manufacturing Supply Chain companies; Membership Tiers defined for foreign company and academic engagement
Industry Technical Advisory Councils in key areas of: Workforce, Quantum Manufacturing Equipment and Enabling Technologies, Primary Quantum Use Cases, and Standards
QED-C focused on identifying and resolving major enabling technology barriers and gaps, technical standards, use cases, and workforce issues
The QED-C has established a formal structure for Standards Development, Consortium IP Development and Licensing

21. Part II: Example Enabling Technologies and Materials

22. Enabling Tech Gaps either not available in US, or anywhere, commercially—Example items
Low-Cost Superconducting cabling
Thermally compatible for Cryo and high frequency
High density does not exist
Cryo-compatible, High-density interconnects
Customized magnetic shielding: (single vendor)
Large capacity DR and faster sample turnaround time (biggest vendors not in US-- Finland)
Miniaturized cryo-microwave components–
Filters, Mixers, Isolators, Circulators, Switches
Cryogenic control electronics- In cryostat electronics needed
Custom microwave components
IR, Cu power filters
Inexpensive room temperature qubit control and readout electronics
Qubit foundry services with SOTA materials for qubit high coherence
Superconducting 3D integration services compatible with qubit processes
Cryo compatible HEMT (High-electron-mobility transistor) amplifiers low power, and inexpensive (one academic group Caltech and non-US company LNF)
Inexpensive low noise phase noise and highly phase stable microwave sources
Wideband quantum limited amplifier (not commercially available)

23. Presentation for: NAS DMMI- Materials, Manufacturing and Infrastructure Standing Committee
Broz 3/19-20/2019
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)
SRI International

24. The Big Picture
BLUF: There are a large number of materials and manufacturing challenges in QIS and in the emerging “Quantum Industry” (Sensing, computation, communications, metrology)- Overcoming these challenges will have high pay-off.
The QED-C is an industry consortium focused on identifying technological gaps, closing those gaps, and developing enabling technologies, including materials and manufacturing.
Steady progress is being made in closing gaps, but resolution of certain challenges would benefit from a coordinated effort and new characterization approaches that potentially include engaging national assets.

25. QIS Materials Overview- Summary Snapshot
There are many materials issues in QIS – These vary dramatically by qubit type(superconducting, trapped ions, photonic, Rydberg atoms, etc.), by application (sensing, comms, etc.), and by device (repeaters, memories, lasers, etc.)
Materials are critical to QIS performance (e.g. coherence time and fidelity) and to demonstrable quantum advantage in many cases.
Large gains can be realized from materials engineering and R&D. There is a needed materials science theory, element as well for research prioritization.
Peripheral and enabling technologies also have major materials issues: In-cryo CMOS or superconducting digital control, photonic interfaces (also cryo), and a host of devices (low-CSWaP, low-T) resonators, attenuators, filters, modulators, switches, combs, etc.

26. Specific Example: SC Resonators and Qubits
Materials R&D is critical to increasing coherence times and gate fidelity (e.g. Al on Si substrates are the “workhorse materials” with Al/AlOx/Al JJ’s)
SC Resonator (co-planar Al (or Nb)) Q factor provides good estimate of qubit relaxation rate ( 𝑇 2 , 𝑇 1 )
Some identified materials-related causes of low Q (and likely qubit decoherence):
Poor microwave hygiene; On-chip tapered interconnects, sharp geometry, bump-bonds, poor impedance matching (Fano resonances)
Coupling to TLS at substrate interfaces: Nanofabrication techniques: photolithography, thin film deposition, and etching leave 1-10 nm thick interfacial dielectric films with large loss tangents
Quasiparticle generation in the SC material from stray infrared light, thermal activation (confirmed by 1/f noise in T)
Manufacturing inconsistencies
Packaging Influences- Stray fields; Eddy currents; Cavity ringdown
Needed Theory: Full interaction Hamiltonian & Estimates of interaction strength
Burnett, et al. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 969 (2018)

27. Summary of SC Resonator Loss Mechanisms (Goetz, et al., Jan 2016)

28. Opportunities for characterization in superconducting qubits
What is the microscopic origin of loss in our qubit systems?
Many models proposed, none conclusive. Nice review in (Müller, Lisenfeld et al
Can we answer this question by looking at our samples with other characterization techniques?
Josh Mutus, Sr. Research Scientist, Google AI Quantum
Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C) 28
SRI International

29. Summary of Materials and Fabrication Issues
Substrates
Substrate shielding
RF and phonon management
Fabrication
Nano and micro fabrication
Scalability
Defect reduction
Epitaxial deposition methods

30. Why are these problems hard?
As a Specific Example…
Losses in SC qubits dramatically affect coherence time and error rates.
In SC qubits, we are essentially creating macroscopic “artificial atoms”– a persistent, quantized (charge and phase) current, with a moment.
These are macroscopic structures, they interact with other qubits, and can be readily measured, but…
They also interact with their environment, sometimes in subtle, and unhelpful, ways.
It’s hard to improve upon Nature’s designs.

31. Specific Cases: SC Resonators
Hornibrook, et al., 2012; and
Dunsworth, et al., 2017

32. How do we approach these challenges?
A proposed “geneticist’s” approach: Requires coordination among Industry (QED-C), USG, and Academia– e.g. Drosophila model
Choose a simple, yet universal, design (either qubit, resonator, or both) to study and use as a base model for ILC. Reduce the number of variables!
Create a robust theoretical framework for this simple element
Assess and prioritize loss terms- Rank in magnitude order. Possibly assign certain analyses to certain groups or laboratories.
Apply new characterization tools and facilities to examine materials and fabrication. (e.g. Deliberate introduction of defect densities for root cause and sensitivity analyses.)
Analyze range of parameterized models, controlling variables, using ILC’s and correlation to new and novel material characterizations.

33. Conclusions:
The QED-C is designed to foster a robust US Quantum Industry and Supply Chain
It will do this by:
Identifying Gaps in Enabling Technologies, Standards, Use Cases and Workforce
Closing those Gaps through Cost-Shared RD&D and Collaboration
It’s not about qubits, but everything that supports qubits and makes them exist, stable, and controllable
The QED-C is not a conference– it is a membership-only consortium
IP Rights are shared by Tier 1 Members; Academic Institutions are welcome
The QED-C wants to thank Carl Williams (NIST), Jake Taylor (OSTP), Tom O’Brian (JILA), and the many PI’s at NIST Boulder and Gaithersburg, and our 63 Members.

34. Personal Research Interests-
Using elementary CA to describe quantum circuits
Mapping various quantum gate combinations to Wolfram rules
Conjecture: Certain quantum gate combinations might lead to chaotic behavior