Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Unit IV: Political Organization of Space
AP Human Geography Copeland
2
I. Political Geography The study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena
3
Territory The effort to control territory is a central motivate of humans The territory of the world is almost completely divided into national units Antarctica debated (1959 Treaty of Antarctica)
4
Territoriality Territoriality is a key component of modern political culture. As defined by geographer, Robert Sack, territoriality is “the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena or relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.” Territorial Integrity – a government has the right to keep the borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack.
5
State 1.an independent political unit occupying a defined territory
2. permanently populated territory 3. full sovereignty (independence to control internal affairs) 4. must be recognized by other states
6
World States 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 or 196 states in the world today (only 50 in the 1940s) 193 recognized by the United Nations as of United States recognizes (Kosovo) Number depends on who you ask… Newest state-South Suda
7
Issues defining states
Political differences can cause some territories to not be recognized as independent. Examples: Korea (2 states, one nationality)-multistate nation China and Taiwan-2 states? China claims Taiwan and the U.S. agrees, even though Taiwan has its own gov’t and its own currency Western Sahara (currently part of Morocco) Once a colony of Spain; war broke out over WS b/t Morocco and Mauritania; Mauritania withdrew, Morocco now claims 2/3rd of land; Sahrawi Arabs (SADR) claim the rest; exploited for fishing, phosphate and oil Greenland (Denmark) Greenland controls internal affairs, Denmark controls foreign affairs Greenland is referred to as a “constituent state”
8
Nation A group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs Nations are “imagined communities” -Benedict Anderson -imagined = you will never meet all the people in your nation -community = you see yourself as part of it
9
The nations we perceive as “natural” and “always existing” are relatively recent phenomena.
In 1648, Europe was divided into dozens of small territories.
10
The Nation-State A state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people An entity whose members feel a natural connection by sharing language, religion, or some other cultural trait Examples of possible Nation-States: Iceland, Portugal, Poland, Japan *There are no true, pure nation-states in the world today
11
Stateless Nation Nations that do not possess a national territory even with a larger multinational state Palestine, Kurds
12
Multinational State A state with more than one nation.
The Former Yugoslavia
13
Multistate Nation A nation with more than one state (Transylvania, Korea) Transylvania – homeland for both Romanians and Hungarians.
14
Vlad the Impaler, leader of Wallachia/Transylvania
15
II. Spatial Characteristics of States
Largest Size Russia 17.1 million square kilometers Other large states: China, Canada, United States and Australia
16
Spatial Characteristics of States
Smallest Size City-state: sovereign state compromised entirely of a city and it’s countryside Singapore, Monaco, San Marino Microstates: very small land areas Smallest: Monaco 1.5 square kilometers Other examples: Singapore, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Malta, San Marino and Bahrain
17
Spatial Characteristics of States
5 basic shapes Compact Prorupt Elongated Fragmented Perforated
18
Shape – Compact Compact
Most efficient form is a circle with a capital in the center Compact size Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Poland Advantages?
19
Examples of Compact States
Poland Zimbabwe
20
Shape - Prorupt Nearly compact but posses one or more narrow extensions of territory Proruptions can be natural or artificial isolate a portion of a state-Ex. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia
21
Examples of Prorupted States
Democratic Rep. of the Congo Namibia
22
Shape - Elongated Long and Narrow Distance from the capital is greater
A large amount of diversity of climate, resources, and people National cohesion difficult Ex. Norway, Vietnam, Chile, Italy, Malawi
23
Examples of Elongated States
Vietnam Chile Norway
24
Shape - Fragmented Countries composed entirely of islands (Philippines, Indonesia) or separated by another state. Two Types: Separated by water (Indonesia) Separated by an intervening state (India, Russia, United Stated)-exclave Weakness- centralized control
25
Examples of Fragmented States
Philippines Indonesia Russia
26
Shape - Perforated State that completely surrounds another one
Example: South Africa Surrounds Lesotho Completely dependent on South Africa for imports and exports
27
Examples of Perforated States
South Africa Italy
29
Relative Location Size and shape are affected by a state’s absolute and relative location Canada & Russia are large, yet their absolute northern location reduces the agricultural productivity of the land Iceland has a compact shape but its location near the arctic makes much of its land barren
30
Relative Location Landlocked countries are at a major developmental disadvantage Many in Africa due to remnants of colonialism Must arrange to use another country’s sea port (Lesotho-encapsulated state, otherwise known as an enclave-an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it) Coast lines can be a major advantage -Singapore (224 sq miles) is located at a crossroads of shipping and trade
32
III. The Modern State Idea
The idea of a state that is tied to a particular territory with defined boundaries came out of Europe and diffused outward from there. A change from society defining territory to territory defining society. EXAMPLE: FRANCE DEFINES WHERE WE FIND FRENCH PEOPLE Modern States evolved in the late 1600s. As our world becomes more globalized, will we even have a need for borders?
33
Rise of the Modern State
1. The European model The Norman invasion of 1066 produced a whole new political order On the European continent, the strength of some rulers produced national cohesiveness in more stable domains Economic revival and so called Dark Ages were over Treaties signed at the end of the Thirty Years' War and Eighty Years War- contained fundamentals of statehood; inter-state aggression was to be held in check - Peace of Westphalia Western Europe’s strong monarchies began to represent something more than authority
34
Rise of the Modern State
Mercantilism a) promotion of commercialism and trade with other states (states competing) b) City-based merchants, not the nobility, gained wealth (producers competing for consumers) c) As money and influence were concentrated in the cities, land as a measure of affluence began to lose its relevance
35
European Colonialism and the Modern State
a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own. Why? Organized political states forming Wealth from mercantilism to expand Gained more wealth, territory, and power through colonialism Since Peace of Westphalia restricted inter-state aggression, European powers sought to exert their power on those territories outside of Europe.
36
Diffusion of the Nation-State Model
European Colonization influenced State model the European model became the international model Economic structure colonies and colonizers became interdependent in a capitalist world economy
37
Two Waves of European Colonialism: 1500 – 1825-Western Hemisphere 1825 – 1975-Africa and South and East Asia
38
Dominant Colonial Influences, 1550-1950
This map shows the dominant influence, as some places were colonized by more than one power in this time period.
39
Berlin Conference of 1884 Otherwise known as “The Scramble for Africa”. This conference formalized the process for staking claims in Africa and mapped out those claims. Attendees included Great Britain, France, Portugal, Germany and Belgium. The conference sparked interest in exploiting African resources and people (colonization). By 1900, 90% of Africa was claimed by European powers. British, Germans and French-West Africa Portuguese, Germans and British-East Africa French and Belgians-Central Africa British, Germans and Portuguese-Southern Africa Conference leaders agreed to allow free trade among the colonies. However, the Berlin Conference did not allow say for the peoples/nations of Africa over the portioning of their homeland.
40
What happened to state size?
42
Two Waves of Decolonization
First wave – focused on decolonization of the Americas Second wave – focused on decolonization of Africa and Asia
43
Construction of the World Economy
Capitalism – people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit. Commodification – the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good (typically associated with culture) Colonialism – brought the world into the world economy, setting up an interdependent global economy.
44
The Capitalist World-Economy
The World-Economy is more than the sum of its parts. It is composed of “dots” (consumers and producers) but we must also understand the “whole.” Sunday on La Grande Jatte by Georges Pierre Seurat
45
Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory:
The world economy has one market and a global division of labor (everyone has a role in the economy) Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. The world economy has a three-tier structure.
46
Three Tier Structure Core Periphery Semi-periphery
Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology Generate more wealth in the world economy Examples of Core Countries: Use map on following page Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology Generate less wealth in the world economy Examples of Peripheral Countries: Use map on following page Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. Serves as a buffer between core and periphery Examples of Semi-peripheral Countries: Use map on following page
48
IV. Boundaries and the Problems they Cause
Vertical lines that establish the limit of each state’s jurisdiction and authority Claims and boundaries are 3 dimensional Subsoil Resource disputes (1990-Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, led to Gulf War) Airspace extends into air traffic (no fly zones) (satellites next?)
51
The Evolution of Boundaries
Definition: the official establishment or documentation of a boundary Treaty Legal document Example: 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement
52
The Evolution of Boundaries
Delimitation: placing of the boundary on a map
53
The Evolution of Boundaries
Demarcation: marking of the boundary by some method on the ground
54
Boundary Types *Boundaries can be a combination of types
I. Natural (physical): based on recognizable physiographic features Mountains, deserts, rivers, and lakes Can cause disputes or provide buffer Mountains-Argentina vs. Chile-divided by crest of Andes Mtns (couldn’t decide on actual crest) Water-good protection against attack, readily visible on maps Ex. 1) East Africa-A) DRC/Uganda-Lake Albert, B) Kenya/Tanzania/Uganda-Lake Victoria 2) Rio Grande-U.S./Mexico 3) Georgia/Alabama
55
Boundary Types Law of the Sea-165 countries A. Territorial Zone
12 Nautical miles (14 land mi), allow for innocent passage (expeditious and continuous in manner) B. Contiguous Zone 12 Nautical miles, regulate customs, taxation, immigration C. Exclusive Economic Zone 200 Nautical Miles, rights to resources Median Line Principle-dividing lines b/t two states with less than 400 nautical miles apart, the EEZ must be drawn between two states. Also applies to states that are closer (within 24 nautical miles). Boundaries then split the difference between the two. Ex. Great Lakes between Canada and the United States China/Japan/South Korea Beyond EEZ=International Waters Disputes can be taken to a tribunal for the Law of the Sea or to the International Court of Justice or….settled by war!!!
56
Boundary Types II. Geometric (Artificial): follows parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude Ex. 1) 49th parallel United States & Canada 2) Quebec’s boundary with NY and VT 3) Alaska’s boundary with Yukon Territory 4) North Africa-Algeria/Libya/Egypt
58
Boundary Types III. Cultural (Religious, Linguistic, Ethnic): separate groups by a common cultural trait Religious: India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim) Ireland (84% Catholic) and Northern Ireland (41% Catholic) Linguistic: Boundaries of France, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Italy Ethnic: Cyprus-Turkish vs. Greek areas
59
Boundary Origins Antecedent: border drawn before it was well populated
United States & Canada
60
Boundary Origins Subsequent: border drawn after the development of the cultural landscape 2 types: Consequent Superimposed
61
Boundary Origins N. Ireland and Ireland
Subsequent Consequent (ethnographic): border drawn to accommodate existing religious, linguistic, or ethnic differences N. Ireland and Ireland
62
Boundary Origins Subsequent Superimposed Boundaries: forced on an existing cultural landscape, country, or people by a conquering colonial power Unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns Great Britain = India/Pakistan
63
Boundary Origins Relict/relic Boundary: former boundary that no longer functions Differences on each side of the border are still evident Ex. Berlin Wall
65
Boundary Disputes
66
Definitional/Positional Boundary Disputes
Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement Ex. Argentina and Chile-third longest international boundary (3,300 miles) Dispute over border in Patagonia Dispute over Beagle Channel
67
Locational Boundary Disputes
The delimitation and possible demarcation of the border is in dispute. How should the border be interpreted?
68
Operational/Functional Disputes
Neighboring states disagree over policies to be applied along a boundary Ex. Immigration into the U.S. from Mexico
69
Allocation/Resource Disputes
Neighboring states can argue about the distribution of resources Ex. Iraq v. Kuwait (oil) Georgia vs. AL & FL (Chattahoochee River) Georgia vs. Tennessee
70
Territorial Disputes A subsequent boundary divides an ethnically homogenous group Irredentism- irredentism tries to justify its territorial claims on the basis of (real or imagined) historic or ethnic affiliations. It is often advocated by nationalist movements and has been a feature of political geography.vocating annexation of territories administered by another Examples of Irrendentism o 1) Kashmir (India vs. Pakistan and China) 2) Senkaku Islands/ Diaoyu Islands (uninhabited islands controlled by Japan in East China Sea; underwater oil reserves discovered, ownership of islands now disputed by China; Chinese claim of islands supposedly dates back to the 14th century.
72
Capitals Typically are centrally located to allow for equal access
Many capitals have become distant to many areas due to growth: Washington D.C. Some capitals have been relocated to make them more accessible
73
Capitals Usually located in the core area and frequently the focus of it Capital cities are also frequently the largest or the Primate City (usually associated with lesser-developed countries) Primate City: dominates the economic structure of the entire country
74
Forward-Thrust Capital City
Deliberately sited in a state’s interior Brazil relocated its capital from Rio de Janeiro to a new city called Brasilia Nigeria – Abuja Kazakhstan – Astana
75
Brasilia
76
Brasilia
77
Brasilia
78
Nigeria - Abuja
79
Nigeria - Abuja
80
Kazakhstan – Astana
81
Kazakhstan – Astana (new) Almaty (old)
82
V. Geopolitics power relationships: past, present, and future
Considers the strategic value of land and sea area in the context of national economic and military power and ambitions power relationships: past, present, and future Ambitious Historical Movements in Geopolitics Manifest Destiny-U.S. 1800s-policy of imperialism in the United States. The U.S. would spread from coast to coast. This attitude fueled westward expansion, Native American removal and a war with Mexico. Monroe Doctrine-1820’s-no more colonies for European states in the Western Hemisphere “Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”-cultural and economic unity of Asians and Oceanians (Free of Western Powers and Influence)
83
Geopolitics – German School
Ratzel’s Organic Theory (late 1800s) Ratzel was trained in biology and chemistry and greatly influenced by the theories of Charles Darwin. Held that a state which is an aggregate of organisms would itself function and behave as an organism Nourishment of organism provided by acquisition of territories and people; especially if those people are of the same culture Territory is essential to life. Nazi expansion policies based on some of Ratzel’s ideas.
84
Geopolitics – British/American School
Sir Halford Mackinder Heartland Theory (1904) a) Believed a land-based power, not a sea power, would ultimately rule the world b) Pivot area extended from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia
86
Mackinder – Heartland Theory
The Heartland is impenetrable The Heartland is the “geographical pivot”-provided a base for world conquest Resource rich Believed that a Russian, Chinese, German alliance was to be feared
87
Mackinder – Heartland Theory
“Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland” “Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island” “Who rules the World Island commands the World”
88
Geopolitics Nicholas Spykman - Rimland Theory Critic of Mackinder
Argued that the Eurasian rim, not its heart, held the key to global power
90
Spykman-Rimland Fragmented zone
Divided rimland key to balance of world power Dense population, abundant resources, controlling access to both the sea and the interior
91
Spykman-Rimland “Who controls the Rimland controls Eurasia”
“Who rules Eurasia controls the destiny of the world”
92
Heartland/Rimland Theories Combined
93
Geopolitical Developments in a Bipolar World
U.S.S.R Post WWII – Heartland = U.S. practiced Containment Confining the U.S.S.R by means of alliances with Rimland Military intervention Domino Theory NATO
94
Saul Cohen, The Cold War and Shatterbelt Theory
Mackinder died in However, his legacy would live on throughout the Cold War era. Saul Cohen proposed the Shatterbelt Theory-modified Mackinder’s Heartland Theory and called it the “Pivot area” and Spykman’s Rimland Theory and called it the “Inner Crescent”. He identified the rest of the world as the “Outer Crescent.” Cohen proposed that most of the conflict in the world would be found in the Inner Crescent. These areas of potential conflict, political instability or geopolitical weakness would then become known as shatterbelts (Middle East and Africa). Cohen accurately identified many areas of the world that would experience conflict from (during the Cold War era) Some conflict areas that powerful states would attempt to capture would be used as “buffer states”-lands that would create a buffer of sympathetic countries.
95
Shatterbelt Theory
96
Geopolitics Today Thoughts were that world events have rendered older geopolitical ideas obsolete. Or, are they? What about Vladimir Putin and his invasion of Georgia and Ukraine (claiming Crimean Peninsula)? End of the Cold War (at least in the eyes of the U.S.), Nuclear Technology limited (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) Japan, China, Western Europe becoming world powers through economic means No more Unilateralism – Is U.S. dominance over? “Have we gone soft?”, trying to seek involvement of other states in world affairs?
97
U.S. Foreign Policy Strategies/Principles
Isolationism-state tends to domestic affairs only Realism-take active role in international affairs; high profile procurement/proliferation Neo-isolationism-keep foreign involvement to a minimum (only when necessary) Idealism-foreign involvement for good of all countries
98
VI. How do States Spatially Organize their Governments?
99
Internal Structure 1. The needs of a well-functioning state a) Clearly bounded territory served by an adequate infrastructure b) Effective administrative framework, a productive core area, and a prominent capital 2. All states confront divisive forces
100
Forms of Government These two forms promote nation-building and attempt to quell division within… Unitary – highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power. Examples-monarchies, autocracies, theocracies, parliamentary, communist, dictatorships Unitary governments can still be democratic as well. Federal – a government where the state is organized into territories (sub-states), which have control over some government policies and funds. Examples-democracies or any country with sub-states (ie. U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany, Argentina)
101
Unitary and Federal Systems
1.Early European nation-states were unitary states: a)Governments were highly centralized and powerful b)Capital cities represented authority that stretched to the limits of the state
102
Unitary and Federal Systems
The federal state arose in the New World a) Newness of the culture, and emergence of regionalism due to the vast size of territories b) Conditions did not lend themselves to unitary systems of government c) Absence of an old primate city, lack of core area
103
Nigeria’s Federal Government –
Allows states within the state to determine whether to have Shari’a Laws Shari’a Law- Legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws Issues with Shari’a Law now found in Europe with Muslim immigrants (France)
104
The U.S. Federal Government –
Allows states (sub-states) within the state to determine “moral” laws such as death penalty, access to alcohol, concealed weapons and now drug use? Minnesota’s concealed weapons law requires the posting of signs such as this buildings that do not allow concealed weapons. Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado in 2012, despite marijuana use and distribution being a Schedule 1 drug under CSA.
105
Big vs. Small and Government Systems
Usually bigger states (ie. U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany) have federal systems Usually smaller states (ie. Cuba, Djibouti, Israel, Peru) have unitary systems
106
Forces of Fragmentation and Cohesion: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
107
Centripetal Forces Promoting State Cohesion Nationalism
Unifying Institutions Organization and Administration Transportation and Communication Supranationalism
108
Centrifugal Forces Challenges to State Authority Less Nationalism
Devolution, Regionalism Peripheral Location Social and Economic Inequality
109
Devolution – Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state. What causes devolutionary movements? Ex. Ethnocultural forces Economic forces Spatial forces
111
Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Eastern Europe devolutionary forces since the fall of communism Ex. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
112
Economic Devolutionary Movements
Catalonia, Spain Barcelona, located in Catalonia, is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain. It produces 25% of Spanish exports and 40% of its industrial exports.
113
Spatial Devolutionary Movements
Honolulu, Hawai’i A history apart from the United States, and a desire to live apart in order to keep traditions alive.
114
Supranational Organizations
A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals. * How many supranational organizations exist in the world today? At least 60
115
United Nations Cooperate with internationally approved standards
Background: League of Nations – 1919, idea of Woodrow Wilson but, due to isolationist Americans, U.S. never joined. League collapsed prior to WWII (Italian invasion of Ethiopia). Prior to WWII, states created the Permanent Court of International Justice. After WWII, states formed the United Nations… Basics of the UN: Cooperate with internationally approved standards 193 members Aid: refugees, poverty, troops in peacekeeping operations, human rights
116
Global Scale – The United Nations
117
NATO ALBANIA (2009) LITHUANIA (2004) BELGIUM (1949) LUXEMBOURG (1949) BULGARIA (2004) NETHERLANDS (1949) CANADA (1949) NORWAY (1949) CROATIA (2009) POLAND (1999) CZECH REPUBLIC (1999) PORTUGAL (1949) DENMARK (1949) ROMANIA (2004) ESTONIA (2004) SLOVAKIA (2004) FRANCE (1949) SLOVENIA (2004) GERMANY (1955) SPAIN (1982) GREECE (1952) TURKEY (1952) HUNGARY (1999) THE UNITED KINGDOM (1949) ICELAND (1949) THE UNITED STATES (1949) ITALY (1949) LATVIA (2004) 28 members who exist as one organization for the purpose of safeguarding freedom and security of its members through political and military means Political-promote democratic values and cooperation in order to prevent conflict Military-peaceful resolution of disputes If unable to resolve peacefully, a crisis-management operation is undertaken according to Article 5 of Washington Treaty (NATO foundation) htm
118
Regional Scale - Europe
Benelux, 1944: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Marshall Plan, 1948-’52: US aid to Western European Countries Organization of European Economic Cooperation, 1952 (OEEC) to European Economic Community (EEC) European Community (EC) European Union, 1992 (EU)
119
Regional Scale - Europe
European Union: domestic, military, and certain sovereign policies that govern all members 12 European Community (EC) members established the EU – 1992 Euro introduced in 2002 Problems facing the EU? Bailouts to member countries Subsidies Germany bailouts What to do with Turkey? Russia? United Kingdom has left the organization-”Brexit” Who’s next to leave? GREECE POSSIBLY Original Members: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Denmark and Ireland
120
Regional Scale – The European Union (27 Current Members, Newest-Croatia)
121
Supranationalism Elsewhere…
NAFTA, ASEAN… -Treaties to reduce tariffs and facilitate trade ***None like the European Union
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.