1. Tools of Geography

2. Geography: The Study of Earth 1.1
The study of the human and
nonhuman
features of
Earth, our
home.

3. Cardinal Directions
Cardinal directions are North, South, East, and West.
(N, S, E, W)

4. Intermediate directions
Intermediate directions lie between the cardinal directions.
(NE, SE, NW, SW)

5. Sphere
A round-shaped body

6. Latitude
Is the distance measured in degrees north or south of the Equator.
Lines of latitude run east to west.

7. Degrees
Are units that measure angles(º)

8. Latitude: 34°59′ N Longitude: 90°00′ W
Minutes
Smaller units of measure for measuring longitude and latitude.(΄)
Coordinates for Southaven, MS
Latitude: 34°59′ N Longitude: 90°00′ W

9. equator
The imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.
The Equator is also known as the 0º
degree latitude line.

10. Hemisphere
Each half of the Earth. Northern and Southern Hemisphere Eastern and Western Hemisphere

11. Prime Meridian
The imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemisphere.
The Prime Meridian is known as the 0º
line of longitude.

12. longitude
Is the distance measured in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian.
Lines of longitude run North and South.

13. Geography’s Five Themes 1.2
1. The five themes of geography are location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction.
2. Geographers answer 2 basic questions:
1. Where are things located? 2. Why are
they there?

14. Location – where something is.
*Absolute location – describes a place’s exact position on Earth in terms of longitude and latitude
Ex: Mississippi is 32° 35’N, 89° 39’W
Ex: Southaven is 34° N, 90° W
*Relative location – the location of a place relative to another place.
Ex: Southaven is about 196 miles N of Jackson

15. Place – refers to the mix of human and nonhuman features at a given location.
Ex: hilly, wet, on a river, major city
Region – an area with at least one unifying physical or human feature
Ex: climate, landforms, population, or history.
Movement – explores how people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another.
Ex: food, fuel, and other basic goods.

16. Human-Environment Interaction - considers how people affect their environment, or their natural surroundings, and how their environment affects them.
Ex: The movement of water from the Potomac River into Washington’s water system.

17. Scale Ways to Show Earth’s Surface 1.3
the area a given space on the map corresponds to in the real world.
EX. One inch on a globe might correspond to 600 miles on Earth’s surface

18. aerial photographs satellite images
photographic images of Earth’s surface taken from the air.
satellite images
pictures of Earth’s surface taken from a satellite in orbit.

19. Distortion
The loss of accuracy in the size or position of objects on a map.

20. Ways to map Earth on a flat surface.
projections
Ways to map Earth on a flat surface.

21. The Equal-Area Projection
An equal-area map shows the correct size of landmasses. However, their shapes are distorted.

22. The mercator PRojection
The Mercator projection shows correct shapes and directions, but not true distances or sizes.
Mercator maps make areas near the poles look bigger than they are.

23. The Robinson projection
The Robinson Projection shows nearly the correct size and shape of most land areas. Distortions are seen in areas around the edges of the map.

24. Under Standing Maps 1.4 key
Map key explains the symbols and shading on the map.

25. Locator Map
The locator map shows a larger area than the main map. It shows where the area on the map is located within this larger area.
Locator Map

26. Scale Bar
A scale bar shows how much space on the map represents a given distance on the land.

27. A diagram of a compass showing direction.
Compass Rose
A diagram of a compass showing direction.
Compass rose

28. Types of Maps 1.5 Physical Map
Physical maps show physical, or natural features.

29. elevation
Elevation is the height above sea level.

30. Special purpose map
Special-purpose maps show the location or distribution of human or physical features.

31. Political Map
Political maps show political units, such as countries or states.