1. Learning curve
As firms gain experience in production of a commodity or service, their average cost of production usually declines
For a given level of out put per time period, the increasing cumulative total output over many time periods often provides the manufacturing experience that enables firms to lower their average cost of production
The learning curve shows the decline in the average input cost of production with rising cumulative total output overtime

2. Learning curve (cont…)
For example it might take 1000 hours to assemble the 100th aircraft, but only 700 hours to assemble the 200th aircraft
Because managers and workers become more efficient as they gain production experience
Figure indicates that average cost declines from about $250 for producing the 100th unit of the product (point F) to about $200 for producing the 200th unit (point G) and to about $165 for the 400th unit (Point H)
Learning curve convex to the origin
Average cost decline when production process become mature

3. Graphical presentation of learning curve
250 G
200
165
400
100
200

4. Learning curve (cont…)
Learning curve can be expressed algebraically
C=aQ
Where as C is the average input cost of the Qth unit of output, a is the average cost of the first unit of output and b will be negative because the average input cost declines with increases in cumulative total output
The greater the absolute value of b, the faster the average cost declines b

5. Cost volume profit analysis
In this section we examine cost –volume-profit analysis (often called breakeven analysis)
These simple analytical technique is used in managerial decision making and can be quite useful when applied under the proper set of circumstances
Cost -volume - profit analysis
Cost- volume-profit or breakeven analysis examines the relationship among the total revenue, total cost, and total profit of the firm at various level of output
Cost- volume-profit or breakeven analysis is often used by business executives to determine the sales volume

6. Cost volume profit analysis (cont…)
Required for firm to break even
The analysis uses a cost-volume-profit chart in which the total revenue and the total cost cures are represented by straight lines
In figure TR and TC are plotted on vertical axis and level of output is on horizontal axis
The slope of TR curve refers to the constant price of $10 per unit at which the firm can sell its output
The TC curve indicates total fixed cost of $200 (the vertical intercept) and a constant average variable cost of $5

7. Cost volume profit analysis (cont…)TR
Profit TC B
$400
Loss
TFC=$200
$200 40

8. Cost volume profit analysis (cont…)
Point “B” is break even point, where TR=TC = $400 ,output is 40 unit
The firm faces losses at smaller output and earns profits at higher level of output
The breakeven chart is flexible tool to quickly analysis the effect of changing conditions on the firm
The cost-volume-profit analysis can performed algebraically
As we know that TR=P.Q
TC=TFC+AVC.Q or TC=TFC+TVC

9. Cost volume profit analysis (cont…)
At breakeven point at point “B” TR=TC
………………………… P.QB=TFC+AVC.QB
Solving for breakeven output , QB ,we get
P.QB-(AVC)QB=TFC
QB(P-AVC)=TFC
QB=TFC/(P-AVC)

10. Cost volume profit analysis (cont…)
With TFC=$200 and P=$10 and AVC=$5
Putting these values in formula
QB=TFC/(P-AVC) we get 40
In formula the denominator i.e. P-ACV is called contribution margin per unit
Sometime a firm wishes to get a specific profit and wants to estimate the particular level of output ,so this analysis is used for determine the target output at which a target profit can be achived

11. Cost volume profit analysis (cont…)
To do so we simply add πT to the numerator
QB=TFC+ πT/(P-AVC)
QT =$200+$100/$10-$5=$300/$5=60
So if the firm produces 60 unit it can achieve the profit$100
We can verify it by the profit formula
Π=TR-TC, P.Q-TFC+AVC.Q
TR=$10.60=$600
TC=$200+$5.60=$500
Π=$600-$500=100

12. Operating leverage
Operating leverage refers to the ratio of the firm’s total fixed costs to the total variable costs
The higher is this ratio, the more leveraged the firm is said to be
As the firm becomes more automated or more leveraged (i.e. substitute fixed costs for variable costs)
Its total fixed costs rise but its average variable costs fall
The breakeven output of the firm increase

13. Operating leverage (cont..)TR
TC2
Profit TC B
$400
Loss
300
TFC=$200
$200 40 45

14. Operating leverage (cont..)
In fig the intersection of TR and TC defines breakeven output of QB =40,if the firm total fixed cost rise from $200 to $300 ,while average variable costs decline from $5 to $3.33 the breakeven output will rise to QB1 =45
It shows that the higher is the ratio of the total fixed costs to the total variable costs( the more leveraged the firm is)
The responsiveness or sensitivity of the firm toal profits to a change in its output or sales can be measured by degree of operating leveraged (DOL)

15. Operating leverage (cont..)
DOL is defined as percentage change in profit divided by percentage change in output
DOL=%Δπ/%ΔQ
DOL =Δπ/π =……… Δπ Q .
ΔQ/Q ΔQ π