1. Multi-modal transport workshop session
Non-Motorised Transport Users: Do drivers perceive them as a risk in traffic?
K. Venter
SATC 2017
Multi-modal transport workshop session
14:00
12 July 2017

2. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Background & Context
3. Overview of methodology
4. Overview of findings
5. Towards a safe system
6. Conclusion

3. PART 1

4. Nr people/100 000 killed in SA in RTCs
1. Introduction
Human factors are a contributing cause in 72 % %
Pedestrian deaths form the bulk (>30 %) of these deaths
The most prominent human factors contributing to pedestrian deaths are:
Pedestrians jaywalking: % -41 %
“hit and run”: % -21 %
Intoxicated pedestrian: 1.8 % (RTMC, 2016)
Intoxicated cyclist: 0.1 % (RTMC, 2016)
Source
Nr people/ killed in SA in RTCs
NRSS (DoT, 2015)
27.5/
RTMC 2015
26/
RTMC 2016
25.2/

5. 2. BACKGROUND & CONTEXT
SSM as a potential approach to understanding non-motorised transport users in South Africa
SSM = alternative planning tool to improve and facilitate better decision-making about planning practices for non-motorised transport facilities in South Africa (Van Rooyen & Labuschagne, 2016).
Do South African drivers acknowledge NMT users as a risk in the driving environment/ adapt behaviour accordingly?
(Customers; Actors; Transformation; World View; Owners; Environment)

6. Videos and selected videos
2. BACKGROUND & CONTEXT
SELECTED FINDINGS FROM EQUIPMENT
Nr days driven
Nr of movement s
Number of trips
Total Km travelled
Average km travelled
Total
238
1755
7.175
Previous collected NDS data
Experienced vs. novice drivers
Videos and selected videos
Hours of video
Amount of minutes
(Hazlocs)
Km travelled in videos
Total
255 hours in total
346 minutes
(7 hours)
270.90

7. 2. BACKGROUND

8. Risk is associated with uncertainty of outcomes
“situational awareness” or - “knowing what is going on around you” and inherently “knowing what is important”
(Endsley, 2000)
Perception of risk in traffic is the ability to detect potentially dangerous traffic situations early enough to take adequate action.
Risk is associated with uncertainty of outcomes
Risk mean different things to different people and is dependent on cultural and societal norms.
…do not feel at risk due to believing in ones own superior driving skills.

9. Driver behaviour Mode of transport as a choice
Hazard perception in different environments e.g. road condition, geometry, land use, weather, and temporal factors
Driver behaviour
Complexity of road environments
Safe, effective, and credible speed limit/ drivers select the speed at which they travel

10. 3. METHODOLOGY +- 2 hours of image material
129 potentially hazardous situations
e.g. vehicles merging suddenly from the left or right; public transport vehicles pulling into or off the road in front of the driver; pedestrians and cyclists in the road way; road workers busy with construction work on the roadway and motorcycles entering or passing the driver.
68 situations involved NMTs or VRUs
The corresponding driver-facing camera image material was then analysed to measure driver scanning behaviour
Scanning behaviour was coded when the driver turned his/her head towards the NMT user (Scan left or Scan right) or no reaction (Look straight) and measured in seconds.

11. 4. OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS
Road workers were not acknowledged at all by either novice or experience drivers (although experience drivers on average drove slower (34 km/h) past these situations vs. novice drivers (43 km/h).
Drivers observed 13 % of the 68 potential hazardous situations
Pedestrian’s crossings at pedestrian crossings were recognised by novice drivers - who stopped
Experienced drivers did not seem to acknowledge pedestrians crossing average speed 43 km/h.
Novice drivers recognised pedestrians walking on the right-hand side of the road but not on the left-hand side of the road.
Experienced drivers acknowledged pedestrians walking on the left & right side of the road.
Experienced drivers spent an average of 10.5 seconds scanning the area along the road when observing an NMT user compared to the novice drivers whom spent an average of 4 seconds.

12. PART 2

13. Road safety management Safer roads and mobility
5. TOWARDS A SAFE SYSTEM
In May SA became a signatory to the Decade of Action for road safety
Pillar 1
Road safety management
Pillar 2
Safer roads and mobility
Pillar 3
Safer vehicles
Pillar 4
Safer road users
Pillar 5
Post crash responses
2030
Evidence based research
Inform target setting
Inform strategies/ programmes
Able to monitor and evaluate progress towards goals.

14. Traffic crashes = 3.4 % of GDP/
Results Focus
Social
Costs
Final Outcomes
Intermediate Outcomes
Outputs
Road Network
Planning, design, operation, and use
Entry and exist of vehicles and drivers
Recovery and rehabilitation of crash victims
Coordination
Legislation
Funding and resources allocation for target programs based on research
Promotion
R & D and knowledge transfer
Monitoring and evaluation
Traffic crashes = 3.4 % of GDP/
Cost of pedestrian crashes to the country?
% reduction in cost of crashes
% reduction in NMT deaths
NMT deaths > 30 % of total fatal crashes
Human factors : 42 % pedestrians jaywalking / 21 % hit & run
NRSS 2015 proposed interventions: Road design/planning and road safety education
Address hazard perception with NMT as focus within driver training
Design of programs aimed at raising driver awareness towards NMT/behaviour change programs.
Reduce NMT deaths with 5 % every five years
Research results: drivers possibly do not perceive NMT users as a risk in traffic environment
The Road Safety management System (Bliss and Breen, 2009; ISO 39001)

16. Thank you