1. EXSC 314 PPT Series 1A Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

2. Kinesiology and Body Mechanics
Study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement
Structural kinesiology
Study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement

3. This course benefits…
Anatomists, coaches, strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers, nurses, physical educators, physical therapists, occupational therapists, physicians, athletic trainers, massage therapists, and others in health-related fields.

4. Why Is Structural Kinesiology Important?
Provides an adequate knowledge and understanding of all large muscle groups to teach others how to strengthen, improve, and maintain optimal function of the human body
In certain instances, professionals in medical and sports fields should know more detailed programs that are needed to address certain muscles
Forms the basis of exercise programs followed to strengthen and maintain all the muscles

5. Terminology
Knowledge and use of Structural Kinesiology requires written and verbal communication of:
Skeletal Systems, Types of Bones, and Bone features and markings
Reference positions and lines
Types of Joints
Anatomical directional terminology
Therefore, in this chapter, it is important to learn both the meaning and application of the associated terms in each category listed.
Alignment variation terminology
Planes of Motion and Axes of Rotation
Body Parts and Regions

6. Learning Terminology Learn to spell and pronounce the word (term)
Terms have roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Learn each separately.
Roots are the part of the term that can stand alone (ex. osteo = bone).
Prefixes are added to the beginning of a term to modify meaning (ex. epi- means on, at, or near)
Suffixes are added to the end of a term to modify meaning(ex.- pathy = disease)
Many anatomical terms have either Latin or Greek origin (ex. condyle = Greek origin for knuckle)
After defining the root, prefix, suffix, terms become easy to understand. Example: Pictured is the right lateral femoral epicondyle

7. Learning Terminology
Once you learn a new term, identify and use visual aids if possible. Example: Lordosis = Increased curving of the spine forward in the sagittal plane (see later slide on planes); Lumbar means relating to the lower back (Latin is lumbus for loin). Thus, present “Lumbar Lordosis”
Learn the terms by application, and word replacement. Terms are used to communicate and provide word economy
Example: The athlete sprained the outside of the ankle and it was swelled up on the back and below of the ankle.
Rephrased and applied: The athlete presented a left lateral ankle sprain with posteroinferior edema.
Study may be assisted by flash cards and using terms as demonstrated above
You are responsible for all terminology in Chapter One.

8. Reference Positions
Help better understand the musculoskeletal system, its planes of motion, joint classification, and joint movement terminology
Used as a basis from which to describe joint movements
Anatomical position
Fundamental position

9. Reference Positions (identification)
Anatomical position
Most widely used and accurate for all aspects of the body
Standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, with feet parallel and close and palms facing forward
Fundamental position
Essentially the same as anatomical position, except that arms are at the sides with palms facing the body

10. Reference Lines
To further assist in understanding the location of one body part in relation to another
Mid-axillary line (axilla = armpit)
Line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit)
Mid-sternal line
Line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the middle of the sternum

11. Reference Lines Anterior axillary line (anterior = front)
Line parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skinfold
clavicle

12. Reference Lines Posterior axillary line
Line that is parallel to the mid- axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold
Mid-clavicular line
Line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the midpoint of the clavicle
Mid-inguinal point (inguinal = groin)
Point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis

13. Reference Lines Scapula line Vertebral line
Line running vertically down the posterior surface of the body passing through the inferior angle of the scapula
Vertebral line
Line running vertically down through the spinous processes of the spine
scapula

14. Anatomical Directional Terminology
Anterior
In front or in the front part
Anteroinferior
In front and below
Anterosuperior
In front and above

15. Anatomical Directional Terminology
Anterolateral
In front and to the outside
Anteromedial
In front and toward the inner side or midline
Anteroposterior
Relating to both front and rear

16. Anatomical Directional Terminology (note prefix antonym)
Posterior
Behind, in the back, or in the rear
Posteroinferior
Behind or in back and below
Posterolateral
Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside

17. Anatomical Directional Terminology
Posteromedial
Behind and to the inner side
Posterosuperior
Behind or in back and above
Application: Describe the relative position of the pictured posterior cruciate ligament to the tibial tuberosity. (key term = p.4, text)

18. Anatomical Directional Terminology Note prefixes
Contralateral
Pertaining or relating to the opposite side
Ipsilateral
On the same side
Bilateral
Relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right and left extremities

19. Anatomical Directional Terminology Terms may also have synonyms
Inferior (prefix = infra)
Below in relation to another structure
Caudal (inferior, tail)
Superior (prefix = supra)
Above in relation to another structure
Higher
Cephalic (superior, head)

20. Anatomical Directional Terminology Compound Terms
Inferolateral
Below and to the outside
Inferomedial
Below and toward the midline or inside
Superolateral
Above and to the outside
Superomedial
Above and toward the midline or inside

21. Anatomical Directional Terminology (relative to structure)
Deep
Beneath or below the surface
Used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
Superficial
Near the surface

22. Anatomical Directional Terminology
Distal
Situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin
Proximal
Nearest the trunk or the point of origin
Proximodistal
From the center of the body out toward the distal ends of appendages

23. Anatomical Directional Terminology
Lateral
On or to the side
Outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane (see later slides)
Medial
Relating to the middle or center
Nearer to the median or midsagittal plane
Median
Relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle
Situated in the middle, medial

24. Anatomical Directional Terminology
Prone
Face-downward position of the body
Lying on the stomach
Supine
Lying on the back
Face-upward position of the body

25. Anatomical Directional Terminology
Dorsal
Relating to the back
Being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface of
Relating to the top of the foot
Ventral
Relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of

26. Anatomical Directional Terminology
Palmar
Relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand
Volar
Relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot
Plantar
Relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
(Word use = plantar fasciitis) Figure out what each color means….

27. Anatomical Directional Terminology
Fibular - Relating to the fibular (lateral) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot
Tibial - Relating to the tibial (medial) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot
Radial - Relating to the radial (lateral) side of the forearm or hand
Ulnar - Relating to the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm or hand

28. Alignment Variation Terminology
Anteversion
Abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure, such as femoral anteversion
Retroversion
Abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as femoral retroversion

29. Alignment Variation Terminology
Kyphosis
Increased curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane
Lordosis
Increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane
Scoliosis
Lateral curving of the spine

30. Alignment Variation Terminology
Recurvatum
Bending backward, as in knee hyperextension
Valgus
Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
Varus
Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs

31. Planes of Motion
Imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved
Motion through a plane revolves around an axis
There is a ninety-degree relationship between a plane of motion and its axis

32. Cardinal Planes of Motion
Anteroposterior or sagittal plane
Lateral or frontal plane
Transverse or horizontal plane
Learn the term that makes the most “sense” to you then learn the synonymous terms

33. Cardinal Planes of Motion
Sagittal or anteroposterior plane (AP)
Bisects the body from front to back, dividing it into right and left symmetrical halves
Example Movements

34. Cardinal Planes of Motion
Frontal, lateral, or coronal plane
Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves
Example Movements

35. Cardinal Planes of Motion
Transverse, axial, or horizontal plane
Divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) halves
Example Movements
Learn planar movements by demonstration and practice

36. Diagonal Planes of Motion
Diagonal plane - Involves a combination of movements from traditional planes and occurs in joints that are capable of movement in two or more planes
Example - High diagonal and the two low diagonal planes

37. Diagonal Planes of Motion
High diagonal
Upper limbs at shoulder joints
Overhand skills
Example - Baseball pitch

38. Axes of Rotation
For movement to occur in a plane, it must turn or rotate about an axis that has a 90- degree relationship to that plane
The axes are named in relation to their orientation

39. Axes of Rotation Frontal, coronal, lateral, or mediolateral axis
Has the same orientation as the frontal plane of motion and runs from side to side at a right angle to the sagittal plane of motion
Divides the medial and the lateral
Commonly includes flexion and extension movements

40. Axes of Rotation Sagittal or anteroposterior axis
Has the same orientation as the sagittal plane of motion and runs from front to back at a right angle to the frontal plane of motion
Divides the anterior and the posterior
Commonly includes abduction and adduction movements

41. Axes of Rotation Vertical or longitudinal axis
Runs straight down through the top of the head and is at a right angle to the transverse plane of motion
Divides the superior and the inferior
Commonly includes internal rotation and external rotation movements

42. Axes of Rotation End of PPT Series 1A Diagonal or oblique axis
Runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane.
“As the glenohumeral joint moves from diagonal abduction to diagonal adduction in overhead throwing, its axis runs perpendicular to the plane through the humeral head” p. 7, text.
Demonstrate movement described above.
End of PPT Series 1A