1. Energy and the Atmosphere

2. The Atmosphere: - is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth.
- The atmosphere rapidly thins as you travel away from Earth until there are too few gas molecules to detect.

3. Higher altitudes have LOWER air pressure
Pressure Changes
- Atmospheric pressure is simply the weight of the air above.
How do changes in air pressure at low altitudes compare with air pressure changes at high altitudes?
Higher altitudes have LOWER air pressure

4. Temperature Changes
- Temperature varies within each layer of the atmosphere.
This information can be found on ESRT pg 14

5. Layers of the Atmosphere
Troposphere:
0 to 14 km
Contains 90% of all gases
Contains all clouds and weather
Temperature decreases as you rise higher because earth’s surface reradiates heat from the sun

6. ozone depletion – when the ozone layer thins due to human activity
Stratosphere:
14 to 50 km
Contains Ozone Layer  screens out dangerous ultraviolet sunlight.
ozone depletion – when the ozone layer thins due to human activity
Contains Jet Stream; which are high speed winds that influence our daily weather.
Temperature increases as you rise higher because the ozone absorbs radiation from the sun.

7. Mesosphere:
50 to 80 km
Meteoroids burn up due to friction with air molecules (“shooting stars”)
Temperature decreases as you rise higher because there are too few particles to trap heat.

8. Thermosphere: above 80 - 600 km Contains “Aurora’s” or
The Northern & Southern Lights
Temperature increases as you rise higher because its so close to the sun
Contains the Ionosphere which influences radio communication.

9. Aurora Northern Lights

10. Exosphere
- Greater than 600 km - It is where the atmosphere meets outer space

13. Phase Changes

14. liquid solid gas liquid 1. What are the phases changes?
FreezingREEZING
liquid
solid
gas
liquid

15. liquid solid gas liquid 1. What are the changes of phase? FREEZING
MELTING
Melting
gas
liquid

16. liquid solid gas liquid 1. What are the changes of phase? FREEZING
MELTING
CONDENSATION
gas
liquid

17. liquid solid gas liquid 1. What are the changes of phase? FREEZING
MELTING
CONDENSATION
gas
liquid
VAPORIZATION

18. Properties of Water (Earth Science Reference Tables : front page)
Energy gained during melting joules/gram
Energy released during freezing joules/gram
Energy gained during vaporization joules/gram
Energy released during condensation joules/gram
Density at 3.98 ° C gram/milliliter

19. FRFreezingEEZING CONDENSATION DURING: LIQUID SOLID LIQUID GAS
2. ENERGY IS RELEASED (lost)
DURING:
FRFreezingEEZING
Heat Released
334 J/g
2260 J/g
LIQUID
SOLID
CONDENSATION
LIQUID
GAS
from higher K.E. to lower K.E.

20. MELTING VAPORIZATION DURING: SOLID LIQUID LIQUID GAS
3. ENERGY IS ABSORBED (gained)
DURING:
Heat Absorbed
334 J/g
2260 J/g
MELTING
SOLID
LIQUID
VAPORIZATION
LIQUID
GAS
from lower K.E
To higher K.E.

21. Heating Curve of Water

22. temp 0C HEAT ENERGY ADDED VAPORIZATION 100 CONDENSATION WATER ICE
Heating Curve of Water
VAPORIZATION
CONDENSATION
100
STEAM
temp 0C
WATER
MELT
FREEZE
ICE
HEAT ENERGY ADDED
(CALORIES)

23. MELTING / FREEZING 00 C 00 C SEE EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLE:
+ 334 J/g
Energy is absorbed
00 C
Energy is released
00 C

24. VAPORIZATION/ CONDENSATION 2260 J/g 1000 C 1000 C Energy is absorbed
Energy is released
1000 C

25. How Are Clouds Formed?

26. How are Heat and Temperature Related?
What is the difference between heat and temperature?

27. Heat moves from High to Low concentration or from Source to Sink
the energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in temperature.
Heat moves from High to Low concentration or from Source to Sink
Source
Sink

28. is a measure of the average
kinetic energy in a substance
(particle movement)

29. Three methods of heat transfer: The transfer of heat through. . .
Conduction: the movement of energy through a substance on contact.
Atoms or molecules collide with others to make them move
Heat moves through the handle of a hot pot to burn your hand -

30. The transfer of heat through. . .
Convection:
- circulation caused by density differences in fluids (gases and liquids).
Where does this occur?

31. The transfer of heat through. . .
Radiation:
- through space by
electromagnetic waves
- Unlike conduction and convection, which need material to travel through, radiant energy can travel through the vacuum of space.

32. Ozone Layer Greenhouse Effect

33. Which type of radiation has the shortest wavelength?
ESRT pg 14
Which type of radiation has the shortest wavelength?
What color has the shortest wavelength?
What is the basic difference between ultraviolet, visible light, and radio waves?

34. Energy Transfer as Heat
Makes no sense without caption in book

35. What is the main source of ENERGY for the Earth and its ATMOSPHERE?

37. Atmospheric Heating and Energy
All energy comes from the sun
About 50% absorbed by land and sea-the rest radiated back to space
Sun heats the ground and water which heats the air
Warm air rises, expands, and cools
Clouds!!

38. Surface heating and radiation

39. Insolation: (INcoming SOLar radiATION) the Sun’s electromagnetic energy that reaches Earth.
A. Angle of Insolation: (angle of incidence) the measure of the angle of the Sun’s rays striking Earth.
*the greater the angle the more intense the insolation.

40. Area A
Area B

41. B. Factors Affecting Energy Absorption
Color: dark colors absorb and radiate heat better than light colors (albedo- reflective).
2. Texture: rough surfaces absorb energy better than smooth.
3. Material: land absorbs heat faster than water does due to its low specific heat

42. Specific Heat: the amount of energy needed to raise the temp
Specific Heat: the amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of a substance 1oC. (Ref. Table pg. 1)
Materials with a high specific heat take long to heat up and long to cool down.
(Ex. liquid water)

43. Lag Temperature: when the warmer temperatures occur after the Sun is the highest in the sky.
* Hottest days are in Aug. when the Sun is highest on June 21.

44. Life and the Atmosphere
The Earth’s original atmosphere was made up of gases similar to those released in volcanic eruptions – water vapor, carbon dioxide & nitrogen.
Later, primitive organisms
evolved that used
photosynthesis
and released oxygen.

46. Composition of Atmosphere
Nitrogen and Oxygen gases make up 99%.
Gases in the atmosphere today: Page 1 ESRT

47. What features allow Earth to support life?
Abundant usable water.
Suitable atmosphere.
Suitable range of
temperatures.
We are known as the Goldilocks planet. Not to hot ~ Not to cold.

48. What determines the temperature of a planet?
Distance from the sun.
Presence and composition of the atmosphere.

49. Other Parts of the Atmosphere:
Dust Particles:
sea salt -soil
ash from volcanic
eruptions
- pollution
Water Vapor:
source of all clouds and precipitation
- absorbs heat (from earth & sun)

50. Ozone:
- form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3).

51. What do you think could happen if there was no ozone?
- If ozone did not filter most UV radiation and all of the sun’s UV rays reached the surface of Earth, our planet would be uninhabitable for many living organisms.

52. Human Influence on the Atmosphere:
- Emissions from cars and factories account for nearly half the primary pollutants by weight.

53. What changes can “we” make to help our atmosphere?
Use buses and trains instead of cars
Walking or cycling
Car pool
Use less electricity

54. Why less electricity? Example: LIPA
Tour of an electrical power plant:

55. Example of daily energy usage