1. APES Summer Work Chapters 2 & 3 Review

2. APES Summer Work Chapters 2 Chemistry & Energy Basics

3. Atoms, etc.
Atom – Smallest particle that can contain chemical properties of an element
Molecule – particles that contain more than one atom
Compound – molecules that contain more than one element
Isotope – atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

4. Isotopes and Radioactivity

5. Water is essential… Transfer of chemicals Examples
Surface tension (cohesion)
Capillary action (adhesion)
Solvent

6. H+ concentration relative to pure waterpH pH
H+ concentration relative to pure water
10,000,000 1
1,000,000 2
100,000 3
10,000 4
1,000 5
100 6 10 7 8
0.1 9
0.01
0.001 11
0.0001 12 13 14
Measures H+ ion conc.
p = Potenz (Greek for power)
Acids = High H+ conc.
Bases = Low H+ conc.

7. Law of Conservation of Matter
No atoms are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
H2O
Sun
CO2

8. Energy Vs. Power Energy – ability to do work
Power – the rate at which work is done

9. 1st Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed

10. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Whenever energy is changed from one form to another, we end up with lower-quality or less usable energy than we started with

11. Energy Efficiency
Ratio of the amount of energy expended to the total amount of energy introduced into the system

12. APES Summer Work Chapters 3 Ecosystem Basics

13. Ecosystem Boundaries
Subjective
Yellowstone
Defined
Caves
Lakes

14. Energy Input

15. Primary Productivity
The fabrication of carbon compounds through photo or chemo- synthesis
Gross Primary Productivity
Rate at which producers can convert solar energy into biomass
Net Primary Productivity
Rate at which producers make & store products while accounting for the producers own energy requirements
GPP – Respiration = NPP (mg/L/day) or (Kcal/day)
~1% of Solar Input
~ 40% of GPP

16. Net Primary Productivity

17. Trophic Levels

18. Trophic Level Consumers
Organisms are identified by the food they consume 2nd trophic level and above

19. Eat producers Primary consumers Example: Deer, rabbits, cows
Herbivores
Eat producers Primary consumers Example: Deer, rabbits, cows

20. Carnivores
Eat meat (other animals) Secondary+ consumers Example: Lion, frog, ladybug

21. Eat plants & meat Secondary+ consumers Example: Raccoon, bear, human
Omnivores
Eat plants & meat Secondary+ consumers Example: Raccoon, bear, human

22. Other consumers… Scavengers Decomposers Detritivores
Eat dead organisms
Decomposers
Break down & recycle dead organisms
Detritivores
Live off detitrus
Detritus – dead parts & waste from organisms

23. Food Webs Arrows represent energy flow
Food webs can be disrupted by many factors
Keystone species
Invasive species

24. Ecosystem Efficiency 10% Rule
Approximately 10% of energy available at one trophic level is passed to the next

25. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE In what ways can surface runoff be affected by:
Natural processes?
Anthropogenic processes?

26. Carbon Cycle Key Points: Major Reservoir: Ocean & Underground
Natural Vs. Anthropogenic
Respiration & Photosynthesis

27. Nitrogen Cycle Key Points: Major Reservoir: Atmosphere (78%)
Nitrogen Fixers
Limiting Nutrient (causes algal blooms)

28. Phosphorus Key Points: Major Reservoir: Rock/Sediment
Limiting Nutrient
Only cycle without an atmospheric component

29. Ecosystems disturbance
Disturbance An event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition.
Resistance A measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
Resilience The rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.
Restoration ecology The study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems.

30. Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
The hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels.