1. Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. History 1. Microscopes
The advantage of a microscope magnification and resolution; Magnification  to enlarge; Resolution  to clearly distinguish two objects or clarity
a. In the 16th century, Galileo used simple pieces of glass to visualize and describe the eye of an insect.
b. In the 17th century, van Leeuwenhoek ground glass to visualize the structure of cells like bacteria and sperm. Homunculus and Preformation
c. Robert Hooke used ground glass to visualize cork structure and coined the term “cellulae” or cell.

2. 2. Cell Theory a. In the 19th century Schleiden and Schwann said
i. Cells are the smallest functional units of life and
ii. All living things are made up of cells.
b. Later in the 19th century Virchow and Pasteur added
iii. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.

3. II. Cytological Tools
A. Microscopes
1. Light
a. Function

4. b. Types i. Bright Field ii. Dark Field iii. Phase Contrast
iv. Confocal

5. 2. Electron a. Function b. Types i. Transmission ii. Scanning
iii. Environmental TEM/SEM

6. B. Stains 1. Vital Stains are mainly from various plant pigments.
for Contrast

7. 2. Antibody Stains are more specific and are made by exposing antigen to some host animal.
More Contrast

8. III. Basic Cell Design A. Strategies 1. Prokaryotes
a. Cell Size Limits  Surface to Volume Ratio
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
The Surface Area of a cell increases by a square root while the
Volume of a cell increases by a cubed root.

9. b. Characteristics Basic Shapes Cocci = round Baccili = rod
Spirilla = spiral
Figure 4.6

10. 2. Eukaryotes a. Representative Animal Cell
b. Representative Plant Cell
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
Protistans

11. B. Parts 1. Cell Membrane a. Molecular Structure
Which molecule would act as an impermeable barrier?
Which molecule would act as a cellular label or antenna?
Figure 4.4
Which molecule(s) would act as a transporter?
Which molecule(s) would act to stiffen the membrane?

12. b. Functions
i. Membrane Protein Functions
Figure 4.5

13. ii. Passive Transport
Requirements = With a Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar
Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
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14. Osmosis  passive movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane (needs a protein aquaporin (and out)) towards a greater solute concentration
Figure 5.13

15. iii. Active Transport
Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient
Mechanisms = Molecular,
Figure 5.14

16. Mechanisms= and Cell-Mediated
Mechanisms = Bulk,
Figure 5.15
If the arrowheads were reversed could you tell the difference?
Mechanisms= and Cell-Mediated
Figure 5.16
Once inside the vesicle is the material really inside the cell?

17. 2. Cytosol = Cell Sap a. Consistency like thickening Jell-O
b. Molecular Make-up
92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest is gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water

18. 3. Organelles = Cell Machinery
a. Membrane Bound
i. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans
Chromatin, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, & pores,
Figure 4.9

19. ii. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi
Figure 4.12

20. iii. House cleaners  Lysosome or Peroxisome

21. iv. Energy Transformers = the Chloroplast and the Mitochondria
two membrane covering
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.14
three membrane covering

22. v. Vacuoles = Cell storage sites
Animal Types = Food (sugars, lipids, etc), or Contractile (water storage)
Plant Types = Central (water storage), Amyloplasts (store starch), and Chromoplasts (store Pigments)

23. b. Non-Membrane Bound
i. Cytoskeleton
Figure 4.16 & 17 & 18

24. ii. Ribosomes iii. Centrioles rER and protein to make protein
Figure 4.19
iii. Centrioles

25. C. Cellular Specializations
1. Microvilli
short non-moving membrane extensions (orange area) to increase cell’s overall surface area

26. 2. Cilia = longer moving internal cellular extensions from a basal to move something across the cell surface
3. Flagella = longest moving internal cellular extensions from a basal body to move the entire cell
Figure 4.20

27. 4. Intercellular Junctions
Figure 4.21
a. Plants
Always think function?
b. Animals
Figure 4.23

28. D. Extracellular Matrix & Interactions
Figure 4.22
Always think function?